LIBRARY
UNIVERSITY OF j CALIFORNIA J
EARTH
SCIENCES
LIBRARY
BERKE
LIBR/A
UNIVERSI CALIFQI
EARTH
SCIENC1
LIBRARY
EAPTU LIBRA?
A MONOGRAPH
OF
THE CRAG MOLLUSCA,
WITH
DESCRIPTIONS OF SHELLS
FROM THE
UPPER TERTIARIES OF THE BRITISH ISLES.
BY
SEARLES V. WOOD, F.G.S.
VOL. I.
UNIVALVES.
LONDON:
PRINTED FOR THE PAL^ONTOGRAPHICAL SOCIETY.
1848.
.1. E. AULAK1), PRINTEK, BARTHOLOMKW CI.OSK.
EARTH
SCIENCES
LIBRARY
INTRODUCTION.
A GEOLOGICAL HISTORY or details of the different Formations, not coming within the object of the Palseontographical Society, it is only necessary here to state that this work may be considered as an illustrated description of my Catalogue of Crag Shells, published in the ' Annals and Magazine of Natural History/ 1840-42, including such Species as have since been discovered, in addition to those already enumerated.
It is intended to include as Crag Shells all those species, hitherto considered as coming under this general and well-understood denomination, from the three different Periods, into which that Formation has been divided by geologists, viz., the Coralline Crag, as representing in this country the remains of the Miocene Period ; the Red Crag, those of the Pliocene Period ; and the Mammaliferous Crag, those of the Pleistocene Period. In the latter are included the several species that have been obtained at Bridlington, as that bed is now considered to be a Marine Formation of the Pleistocene Period, and consequently synchronous with the Estuary deposits of Bramerton and Thorpe. The northern beds of the Clyde, &c., may belong to the same Period ; but I am not sufficiently acquainted with those deposits to express an opinion on that point, as I have seen only such shells from them as may be considered identical with existing species. A Catalogue of the Mollusca from the Lacustrine or Fluviatile deposits of Grays,* Clacton,t Stutton,J and Copford,^ will be given as an Appendix to the Second Part of this work, as those beds are
* Grays, on the river Thames, twenty-one miles from London, in the county of Essex. f Clacton, in Essex, on the coast, seven miles south-west of Walton Naze. | Stutton, in Suffolk, on the banks of the river Stour, six miles south of Ipswich. § Copford, in Essex, about four miles south-west of Colchester.
87490
vi INTRODUCTION.
probably the Freshwater equivalents to the Crag Periods ; the first three mentioned localities belonging, perhaps, to the Red Crag Period, while the Copford deposit may be of a more modern date. As these localities contain Mollusca, of which all the species are identical with existing forms, and which have been already figured and described, it is presumed that a name alone, with reference to the work in which each species is given, will be sufficient for geological purposes. The land and Freshwater shells delineated here, having been found in the Red and Mammaliferous deposits, intermixed with Marine species, may be considered as forming an integral portion of these beds, as their geological age cannot be doubted : they therefore cannot well be omitted, more especially as they exhibit, in most instances, a variation in form, more or less considerable, from their typical characters, thus exciting our interest regarding the climatal and other conditions under which they existed, and which appear to have exerted no little influence upon most of the animals of that Period.
In justice to my predecessors in this field of geological and palseontological research, a small space may be allotted for a brief summary of their labours.
* An Attempt towards a Natural History of Fossils,' by John Woodward, in 1729, contains the first notice of any organic remains from the Crag Formation.
Robert Dale, in his ' History and Antiquities of Harwich,' published in 1730, gives copious descriptions, as well as representations, of several species from the Crag, that were found at that time in the Cliff near Harwich ; the execution of some of these figures is by no means to be despised, and the shells may be readily recognised. This author states that during the time he had observed the Cliff, the wearing away of its materials was so rapid, that after a period of forty years but little of the stratum remained from which he had, in the early part of his life, collected his fossils ; and although portions of the Crag were remaining during the time of his publication, all vestiges of it have long disappeared from that locality.
Parkinson, in his ' Organic Remains of a Former World,' 1811, gives a few good figures of Crag shells.
In 1816, William Smith, "the Father of Geological Science in England," published a plate of good figures of Crag fossils in his ' Strata Identified by Organized Fossils.'
INTRODUCTION. vii
Mr. Richard Cowling Taylor published, in the 'Philosophical Magazine,' 1822-24, some observations on the Norfolk Cliffs, as well as a Paper, in the * Geological Transactions,' upon the Tertiary deposits of Norfolk and Suffolk ; some good figures of Crag Corals were also given by him in the 'Magazine of Natural History,' 1830.
In 1826, Mr. Robberds published some ' Observations on the Eastern Valleys of Norfolk.'
In 1833, 'An Outline of the Geology of Norfolk' was published by Samuel Woodward the elder, in which there are some good figures of Crag fossils, from the beds in the immediate neighbourhood of Norwich, relating only to the Mammaliferous Crag.
The geological features of the upper Tertiaries of this country, more especially those portions from which the shells here illustrated have been extracted, have been ably delineated by Mr. Lyell, in his ' Principles' as well as in his 'Elements of Geology;' and also in a special Memoir, published in the 'Magazine of Natural History' for 1839.
Mr. Charlesworth also published a series of Papers in the ' Philosophical Magazine' for 1835, in which the Crag Formation was separated into three different Periods, the oldest of which he designated the " Coralline Crag," as expressive of its contents, that Formation being in some places composed entirely of Zoophytic remains. The succeeding Period, or " Red Crag," was so denominated from its peculiar ochreous colour, the beds being strongly stained by large quantities of the hydrous oxide of iron ; but it was considered as geologically distinct, on account of the absence of the great mass of Zoophytes peculiar to the lower beds, as well as of the introduction of a new group of Testacea. A further examination of what had previously been considered as an extension of the Red Crag Formation into Norfolk, induced that author to suspect the Crag of Norfolk to be of posterior age, and, as position in this case was no guide to such determination, he appealed to the certain evidence of zoological distinction, which presented a more recent aspect than either of the preceding ; and as amongst its imbedded fossils are the remains of numerous Mammalia, he gave to this Formation the title of "Mammaliferous Crag." These terms are employed in the present work.
In 1836, Mr. John Morris published some observations, in the ' Magazine of Natural
viii INTRODUCTION.
History/ upon the Freshwater Formation of the upper Tertiaries at Maidstone, in Kent. The Period to which this bed belongs has not yet been satisfactorily determined.
In the eighth volume of the 'Magazine of Natural History/ 1839, Mr. W. Bean gave an account of a deposit at Bridlington Quay, whence some of the shells I have figured were obtained.
In 1840, Mr. John Brown, of Stan way, communicated a Paper to the ' Magazine of Natural History/ describing a Lacustrine deposit at Clacton, on the coast of Essex, which is probably the Freshwater equivalent to the Red Crag Formation. This gentleman also printed and privately distributed a list of Crag Shells, obtained by him from a place called Beaumont, in Essex. In this list, however, there are not the names of any species but such as have been obtained at Walton-on-the-Naze by myself; and as I have not been able personally to inspect the locality referred to by Mr. Brown, no special reference has been made to it.
In December, 1843, Professor Henslow read a Paper before the Geological Society, describing fossils from the Crag at Felixstow, which he considered to be the Croprolitic remains of whales ; and introduced a notice respecting some tympanic bones, which were referred to the genus Balsenodon by Professor Owen.
As early as the year 1812, Mr. James Sowerby, senior, commenced the 'Mineral Conchology/ which for a long series of years has been almost the only publication by which British fossil shells of all Periods have been made known to the public in this country ; and this work has been ably continued by his son, Mr. James De Carle Sowerby, to the present time.
The first portion of the present work contains descriptions of univalve shells, or the calcareous remains of Gasteropodous Molluscs. The great variety of forms pre- sented by the testaceous coverings of this class of animals, depends upon the height or length of the cone. This ranges through every degree of angularity, from the nearly discoidal form exhibited by some of the Patelliform species, in which the cone is so depressed as to form an angle, from the vertex to the margin, of 1 70 degrees, to that of an elongated tube, extended in some cases so much as to become nearly cylindrical, and twisted into almost every conceivable form of spiral, for the convenience,
INTRODUCTION. ix
or rather according to the necessities of the animal. Among the spiral shells these varying forms are the result of an obliquity in the mode of growth, caused by a greater development or increase of one side of the opening, whereby an heliciform direction is given to the shell in the process of enlargement. It is, perhaps, needless to say, that the mode of increase or growth of the shell is by the successive deposition of calcareous matter secreted by the mantle, and deposited on the margin of the aperture, and moulded as it were upon the soft body of the animal, by which means the impress of every peculiarity is formed, and permanently fixed in the calcareous covering. It may, however, be observed, that some of the exterior ornaments of these shells are formed by an extension or protrusion of the mantle, whereby a fimbriated, and sometimes a spinose, varix is formed upon the margin of the outer lip, producing many varied and beautiful ornaments upon the spiral shell, which, however, have no corresponding characters upon the soft body of the animal. It is from these appearances alone, that presumed specific distinctions can be determined ; and the characters drawn from them, although they may be considered as somewhat extrinsic to the animal, are the only means afforded to the palaeontologist for the determination of species. From the recent researches of Mr. Bowerbank and Dr. Carpenter, in their Microscopic Examinations into the Structure of Shells, it would appear that there is a more intimate connexion between the animal and its envelope during its lifetime than could be imagined by the supposition of a simple addition of earthy matter deposited upon its cuticle ; and that this strong covering is an organized body, and part and parcel of the animal itself. Important as are those observations and suggestions, which bear considerably on generic groups, and by which, perhaps, even minor distinctions may hereafter be pointed out, the specific determinations referred to in the present monograph have not been submitted to such tests, but are merely drawn from the various external differences existing in the shells, and which variations in structure are generally considered as resulting from some internal economy of the animal.
This mode of determination may, perhaps, be correctly applicable only to shells in perfect condition ; whereas, some of those figured in this work have undergone con- siderable alteration, either by the loss of colour and animal matter, or by decom- position of the outer coating, while many of them have sustained mutilation by the mechanical action of the waves. These accumulated difficulties are serious impediments to accurate comparisons ; and the identifications in many cases must be looked upon only as approximations : a correct Marine Fauna of this period will, it is to be feared, be for many years to come a desideratum.
x INTRODUCTION.
In regard to the admeasurement of shells in the present work, minute fractional descriptions have not been very particularly attended to, but a general approximation only has been given, from a belief that a comparison of the dimensions of the aperture and the axis of a shell is a test of fallacious dependence. In many instances, specimens of the same species have a much greater range in variation than, as a general character, would be exhibited between two proximate species ; the aperture in some individuals being equal to two thirds of the length of axis, while in others of the same species it does not exceed one third. In an elevated or cylindrically formed shell, with numerous volutions, the aperture of a young individual bears a greater proportion to the axis of the shell than it does when the animal is fully grown ; and it is not always possible to ascertain when an individual has reached a state of maturity. The form of the aperture is nearly the same at all ages or states of the individual, but the lengthening or shortening of the convoluted cone, which may be the result of external causes, will materially affect any mathematical proportion that may be assumed as a standard for specific determination ; and the spiral angle, or angle of volution,* upon which some Continental conchologists have placed so great reliance, is a test, in my opinion, equally illusory and deceptive. In Littorina littorea, for example, the variations extend, in what I firmly believe to be individuals of the same species, from a subulate or tapering form of volution, denoting an angle of scarcely twenty degrees, to another form which, by the application of the same rule, would show an angle of ninety degrees ; this may be seen in Plate X, where the figures are by no means exaggerated, but rather fall short of the two extremes. A like want of permanent regularity in proportionate dimensions is equally exhibited in the Acephala or bivalve molluscs; and minute attention to accurate detail or mathematical proportions is rarely to be depended upon, even in that class. In some species, of which the general form may be con- sidered as transverse, the character may be traced through trifling and almost imper- ceptible gradations until it is decidedly elongate, so that mathematical proportions in such cases are of no determinate value. This is more particularly evident in some of the species in the Crag Formations, where, perhaps, a rather more than ordinary degree of variation may be seen ; and such are the extraordinary varieties in many of the species, that no reliance can be placed, for specific determination, upon minute proportionate dimensions, although, as an auxiliary, they may in some cases be usefully referred to.
No alteration has been thought necessary in the generally accepted terms of
* The angle formed by a line drawn from the vertex on each side of the shell, which varies, of course, upon the greater or less depression of the volution, the sutural angle, also, depending upon the same cause.
INTRODUCTION.
XI
longitudinal and transverse, applying them to what is so in appearance only ; and the term labrum is applied to that portion of the peritreme which corresponds with the right hand of the investigator ; while labium is given to its opposite or columella lip.
For the dates of publication of the different genera, I am much indebted to the work of M. A. N. Hermansen, entitled ' Indicis Genera Malacozoorum Primordia,' now in course of publication ; and also to a very valuable Paper on a similar subject, by J. E. Gray, Esq., published in the 'Proceedings of the Zoological Society,' November, 1847.
Considerable difficulty has been experienced in selecting an Order of Arrangement for the shells described. An immense mass of information regarding the soft parts of Mollusca has been obtained within the last few years ; and the animal inhabitants of no less than five thousand species are now known, and have been examined ;* yet, notwithstanding this additional information, we are still without a Natural Classification, to which anything like a general concurrence appears to be given ; and it is only necessary to compare such as have been most recently published on the Continent with those of our own naturalists in England, to observe the great dissimilarity between them. It has therefore been thought most advisable to employ the old artificial arrangement, with some slight modifications, uniting in different sections those shells in which the aperture is emarginate, or furnished with a canal for the siphon of the animal, and those in which the mouth is circular, or with a continuous peritreme, and merely placing in advance the Pulmonata, or air-breathing animals, after the manner of Cuvier, conceiving them to be more highly organized than those which breathe simply by means of gills.
If at first sight it should be considered improbable that some of the extreme varieties in form belonged to one species, it must be stated that these results have been arrived at, not only by the possession, but by the careful examination of a large series of individuals.
Some information has been introduced that may be thought unnecessary ; but I have considered that the newly-established Palseontographical Society will, in all
probability, contain among its members students just entering the field of Palseonto-
/
* Gray, Zoological Proceedings, p. 132, November, 1847.
xii INTRODUCTION.
logical research, to whom every species of information, although familiar to those long engaged in the study, will be acceptable.
It has been, of course, my endeavour to make the work as complete as possible, though it merely professes to be a plain and faithful delineation and history of the " Remains of Mollusca from the Crag." I do not pretend to put it forth as free from errors ; on the contrary, it would be surprising if they were not numerous, more especially when it is recollected that in many instances, in consequence of the insufficient materials, and imperfect and altered condition of the shells, a more than ordinary degree of labour is imposed upon the Palaeontologist.
The figures, in every instance, have been engraved from specimens in my own cabinet, and obtained by myself, excepting where otherwise particularly expressed ; and I beg to return my sincere thanks to my friends for their liberal assistance during the progress of the work ; particularly to Miss Alexander, Mr. Lyell, Capt. Alexander, Mr. Gibson, Mr. Charlesworth, Mr. Daniel, Mr. Perry, Mr. Robert Fitch, and Mr. Wigham, who have allowed me the use of their best specimens for the purpose of comparison and for figuring ; and to Mr. Bean and Mr. Leckenby, for the loan of their specimens from the Bridlington beds. I beg also to express my obligations to several friends who have assisted me with their opinions upon conchological subjects, especially to Professor E. Forbes, Mr. Alder, Mr. Hanley, and Mr. W. Thompson.
SEARLES V. WOOD.
January, 1848.
A MONOGRAPH
OF THE
MOLLUSCA FROM THE CRAG.
CLASS— CEPHALOPODA.
No remains of any animal belonging to this Class have, that I am aware of, been detected in any of the three Formations into which the Crag is divided. My cabinet contains a few specimens of Belemnites belonging to two different species, found by myself among the gravelly portion of the Red Crag. These, however, as they have been introduced from the older rocks, and have no connexion with the Tertiary Periods, do not require to be here particularised.
CLASS— GASTEROPODA.
ORD. PULMONATA, Cuv.
TERHICOLA, FLEM.
HELIX,* Linn. 1758.
Generic Character. Shell turbinated, orbicular, subglobose or depressed, light and thin : spire slightly elevated, with several more or less convex volutions, mostly smooth ; last whorl often large and ventricose, with an oblique aperture of a lunate or semi-ovate form, generally broader than long, impressed by the prominent part of the body whorl : peristome confluent with the columella, mostly strengthened internally by a thickened rib, and often having a reflected edge, especially on the left side covering the umbilicus, without an operculum.
Animals belonging to this order (Pulmonata), differ from the generality of the Gasteropoda in being capable of respiration direct from the atmosphere, and are fur-
* Etym. "EXt£, quod contortum est.
1
2 MOLLUSCA FROM THE CRAG.
nished with a simple pulmonary cavity, situated beneath the edge of the mantle, on the right side of the animal ; most of them are covered and protected by a calcareous shell, more or less convolute. Those which are constant inhabitants of the water, come occasionally to the surface for a supply of air, a necessary and vital element, which they cannot sufficiently obtain from the water alone.
As the species of this genus are entirely terrestrial, the presence of specimens found associated with marine shells in the Mammaliferous Crag may be due to the transporting power of rains and floods, conveying them into the ancient estuary, and to their buoyancy (more especially if dead shells) permitting them to be carried to greater or less distances, before they become entombed with the marine exuviae.
Upwards of a hundred synonyms are given by Hermansen to this genus as originally established, many authors conceiving a very slight alteration of character sufficient to constitute generic distinction.
A genus like the present, which, even when shorn of all those marine, fluviatile, and terrestrial forms that were included in it by Linnaeus and other ancient authors, contains in a living state, nearly one thousand species, might, however, be considered as deserving of subdivision, were it only to assist the student in the difficult task of investigation.
1. HELIX HISPIDA. Linn. Tab. I, fig. 3, a — c. HELIX HISPIDA. Lin. Syst. Nat. p. 1244, 1/66.
Muller. Verm. 11, p. 73, No. 268, 1/74.
Mont. Test. Brit. p. 423, t. 23, fig. 3, 1803.
Rossmasler. Iconog. t. 31, fig. 426-427, 1835.
Gray. 2d edit, of Turk Man. p. 154, t. 4, fig. 51, 1844.
S. Wood. Catalogue 1842.
var. concinna. Jeffreys, Synopsis.
H. Testa orbiculato-convexd; spird depressd, anfractibus 4 — 5 via; carinatis; aperturd semilunari, labro tenui, sub-refleoaa ; umbilico prof undo.
Shell orbiculato-convex, with a somewhat depressed spire ; whorls four or five, slightly carinated ; aperture semilunate, with a moderately sized, and deep umbilicus.
Diameter, \ of an inch ; elevation, $ ditto.
Locality. Mam. Crag, Bulcham. Recent, Britain.
Several specimens have been kindly lent to me for comparison, from these, with a few of my own, I have no hesitation in assigning this to H. hispida. Two varieties are among those belonging to Mr. Lyell, one of which has the name of H. plebeium upon the tablet, which I think, however, is only a variety of H. hispida with a spire rather more de- pressed, and an umbilicus a little larger. I have the same varieties from Stutton and Clacton. This shell appears to present a slightly carinated form in the young state, though not quite so much so in the middle of the volution as in H. rufescens ; this character is less distinct in the older specimens.
GASTEROPODA. 3
2. HELIX PULCHELLA. MillL Tab. I, fig. 4, a — c.
HELIX PULCHELLA. Mull. Verm. p. 30, No. 232, 1773.
— PALUDOSA. Mont. Test. Brit. p. 440, 1803. ZURAMA PULCHELLA. Leach. Moll. p. 108, 1819. LUCENA PULCHELLA. Hartmcm. t. 1, fig. 6, 1821. HELIX COSTATA. Flem. Brit. An. p. 263, 1828.
AMPLEXIS PALUDOSIS. Brown. Con. Illust. pi. 41, f. 76, 77, 1827.
— CEENELLUS. pi. 41, f. 78, 79.
HELIX MINUTUS. Say. Journ. Acad. Nat. Sc. I. 123, 1830.
— PULCHELLA. Gray. 2d edit, of Turt. Man. p. 141, pi. 5, fig. 49, 1844.
S. Wood. Catalogue 1842.
If. Testa minutd, orbiculato-depressd, umbilicatd; anfractibus 4, convexis, suturis depressis ; labri margine crasso, albo, reflexo ; umbilico magno.
Shell small, orbiculato-depressed, with about four volutions, finely marked with lines of growth ; suture deep ; aperture subcircular ; peritreme thickened and reflected; a large and open umbilicus, showing the volutions within.
Diameter, ^ of an inch ; elevation, half the diameter.
Locality. Red Crag, Bawdsey. Recent, Britain.
The only specimen of this species in my cabinet was found in loose and disturbed Crag ; it is, however, deeply tinged with the hydrous oxide of iron, having all the appearance of a genuine Crag shell ; and as it is very abundant in the fluviatile deposits of Stutton and Clacton, it was in all probability a living species during the Red Crag period.
3. HELIX ARBUSTORUM (?) Linn. Tab. I, fig. 2.
HELIX ARBUSTORUM (?) Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 1245.
Draparnaud. Moll. p. 38, t. 5, fig. 18, 1805.
Turt. Man. pi. 3, fig. 25, 1819.
Rossmasler. Iconog. p. 56, pi. 1, fig. 4, 1835.
H. Testa subglobosd, perforatd, lavigata (?); spird obtusd ; anfractibus quinqne, subcari- natis; aperturd oblique semilunari, labri margine refiecco ; umbilico obtecto.
Shell subglobose and perforated ; smooth (?), with a short conoidal spire ; volutions five, slightly convex above, and rather compressed beneath, very obtusely carinate ; margin reflected, covering the umbilicus.
Diameter, \ of an inch ; elevation, \ ditto.
Locality. Mam. Crag, Southwold. Recent, Britain.
The specimen figured is from the cabinet of Mr. Lyell, and is the only one I have seen. I have assigned it to the well-known recent species, although it is considerably altered in appearance, and differs from the general form of that shell in being more depressed, and in the obtusely or roundedly carinated form of the volutions. I have, however, some recent specimens as much depressed, and some which, in the young state, show a carinated form of volution. It somewhat resembles H. Turonensis, but that species is generally much larger, and the peristome of our shell is never so much
4 MOLLUSCA FROM THE CRAG.
reflected or thickened, more especially at the lower and inner part of the mouth. The
perfectly smooth appearance of the specimen is in all probability the result of attrition.
A recent specimen from Ayrshire, much depressed in form, has been obligingly sent
me by Wm. Thompson, Esq., of Belfast, which very strongly resembles our Crag shell.
4. HELIX RYSA. S. Wood. 1847. Tab. I, fig. 1.
If. Testa orbiculato-depressdy perforatd, supra convexd, radiatd, rugosd, sen cor rug aid ; subttts rotundatd, profunde umbilicatd et subtilissime striatd ; anfractibus septem obtuse carinatis, carinis prope suturam distinctis : aperturd subdepressd, late lunari ; peritremate acuto, reflexo.
Shell orbiculato-depressed, perforated, convex, rugosely striated, or rather corru gated, on the upper half of the volutions, rounded, and faintly striated on the under surface, with a large and deep umbilicus ; volutions seven, obtusely but distinctly keeled ; keel visible at the suture on the upper side ; aperture broadly lunate, with a sharp and reflected peritreme.
Diameter, f of an inch ; elevation, \ ditto.
Locality. Red Crag, Walton Naze.
The elegant and, as far as I know, unique specimen, from which the figure above referred to was taken, is from the cabinet of G. S. Gibson, Esq., of Saffron Walden, who has kindly intrusted me with this rarity for publication. It was found, he informs me, in the interior of a specimen of Buccinum undatum.
By careful examination, as well as by the assistance of my conchological friends, I have been unable to find a species with which this could be identified. In comparing it with H. rufescens, the shell to which it appears to have the greatest affinity, some essential differences exist ; it is rather larger, and has seven volutions, whereas in that species I have never been able to obtain a specimen with more than six ; it is more distinctly and roughly corrugated on the upper surface, and the keel, though obtuse, is visible up the spire ; the lines of growth are not more prominent upon the under surface than those upon H. rufescens., where there is a strong resemblance between the two. In this the aperture is of the same form, though the peritreme is rather more reflected, and a little depressed at the suture.
CYCLOSTOMA,* Lam. 1799. CYCLOSTOMA ELEGANS. Drop.
Specimens of this well-known species are found in the upper part of the Coralline Crag, as well as of Helix cry stallina, Pupa marginata, and Cyrena trigonula, in association with marine species. The locality from which they were obtained is rather a doubtful one, and from their very recent aspect they must, at least for the present, be considered
* Etym. KVK\OS, a circle, and orb pa, a mouth.
GASTEROPODA. 5
as not of the age of the Coralline Crag. The material in which they are found may probably be a disturbed deposit of a more recent period. I have also found this species, with its operculum in position, in the superficial earth resting upon the Red Crag, at the depth of six or eight feet from the surface, but have never seen it in a living state in the eastern part of the county of Suffolk.
SUCCINEA,,* Drop. 1805.
AMPHIBULIMA. Lam. 1805. COCHLOHYDRA. Ferus. 1819.
Gen. Char. Shell ovate, rather elongate ; volutions few ; spire short ; texture thin, fragile, subcorneous, semitransparent ; aperture large and entire, longitudinally ovate ; peritreme sharp, and confluent with the columella, inner lip spread over a part of the body whorl.
This approaches in general form the genus Limnsea, but may be distinguished by the absence of an oblique fold, which is always more or less distinct upon the columella of the latter. The British species are found about the margins of ponds and ditches, where the surface is moist and damp, and generally upon the stems and leaves of plants. The Succineae are strictly land animals, although capable of remaining a con- siderable time under water.
1 . SUCCINEA PUTRIS (?) Linn. Tab. I, fig. 5. HELIX PTJTRIS. Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 1249, 1766.
— SUCCINEA. Mull. Verm. 11, p. 97, No. 296, 1774.
— PUTRIS. Mont. Test. Brit. p. 376, t. 16, fig. 4, 1803. SUCCINEA AMPHIBIA. Drop. Moll. p. 58, t. 3, fig. 22, 23, 1805.
PUTRIS. Flem. Brit. An. p. 267, 1828. — AMPHIBIA. Rossm. Icon. p. 91, t. 2, fig. 45, 1835.
S. Testa elongato-ovatd, tenui, fragili ; anfractibus tribus convexiusculis, supra depressis, suturis profundis ; aperturd ovatd, subverticaU.
Shell elongato-ovate, thin and fragile, with about three slightly convex volutions, rather depressed on the upper part; aperture broadly ovate, subvertical; suture moderately deep.
Axis, | of an inch.
Locality. Mam. Crag, Bramerton. Recent, Britain.
This species I presume to be rare ; but one specimen has come into my possession since the publication of my Catalogue, and this appears to be only a little more elongated than the general form of this species, but in that character it is variable, especially among my specimens from the fluviatile deposit at Stutton, where it is abundant. The artist has given rather too great an expansion to the lower part of the aperture; bringing the resemblance too near to the following species. It is, however, a doubtful identification.
* Etym. Succineus, of amber.
6 MOLLUSCA FROM THE CRAG.
2. SUCCINEA OBLONGA. Drop. Tab. I, fig. 6.
SUCCINEA OBLONGA.. Drop. Moll. p. 59, tab. 3, fig. 24-25, 1805. HELIX ELONGATA. Daudeb. Hist, des Moll. pi. 1 1, fig. 1-3. AMPHIBULINA OBLONGA. Pfeif. p. 68, t. 3, fig. 39, 1821. SUCCINEA OBLONGA. Rossm. Icon. p. 92, t. 2, fig. 47, 1835.
Grateloup. Cat. des Moll, de Dax, p. 123, 1838.
Nyst Coq. foss. de Belg. p. 466, pi. 39, fig. 11, 1844.
S. Wood. Catalogue 1844.
8. Testa elongato-ovatd, tenui ; spird elevatd, acuminatd ; apice obtuso, suturd profundd; anfractibus tridus subobliquis ; aperturd ovatd, spiram vix superante.
Shell elongato-ovate, with an elevated and acuminated spire, and an obtuse apex ; volutions three, rather oblique and ventricose, with a deep suture ; aperture ovate, not exceeding the length of the spire.
Axis, \ of an inch.
Locality. Mam. Crag, Bulcham. Recent, Britain.
One specimen of this species, from the cabinet of Captain Alexander, is all that I have seen. It appears to correspond with the recent shell, although the suture is not quite so deep. This species is also found, I believe, abundantly at Maidstone ; some specimens from that locality were given me by Mr. Morris, and I have found the same species, though sparingly, at Clacton, in which specimens the suture is rather deeper than in the Crag shell.
AQUATIC, Flem.
Lam. 1799-
LIMNEUS. Drop. 1805. LYMN^US. Brand. 1815. LYMN^A. Desmarest. LYMNEA. Risso. 1826. LIMNEA. Flem. 1828. LYMNUS. Montf. 1810. LEPTOLIMNEA. Swains. 1840. STAGNICOLA. Leach. 1820. GULNARIA. — 1820.
Gen. Char. Shell ovate or oblong, sometimes elongate and acutely turreted, smooth and naked ; spire always apparent, more or less elevated ; semitransparent and of a subcorneous texture ; volutions convex, somewhat depressed, sometimes tumid and rapidly enlarging ; aperture large, open, and ovate, with a flexuous or plicated colu- mella ; peritreme acute.
Animals of this genus are inhabitants of fresh water, more especially of that which is still and stagnant, although a few have been occasionally found in marshes where
* Etym. Atpvatos, of stagnant water.
GASTEROPODA. 7
the water is brackish. The species found in the Crag are, however, such as in the present day are frequenters of ponds and ditches, and were in all probability conveyed to their present locality as dead and empty specimens. Hitherto this genus has not been found in any older formation than the Eocene, during which period it lived and flourished in great profusion.
1. LIMN^A PALUSTRIS (?) Linn. Tab. I, fig. 9, a — d.
HELIX PALUSTRIS. Gmel. Syst. p. 3658, 1782.
LIMNEUS PALUSTEIS. Drap. Hist. Nat. desMoll. ter. et fluv. p. 52, tab. 2, fig. 40, 1805.
HELIX PALUSTRIS. Mont. Test. Brit. p. 373, t. 16, fig. 10, 1803.
LYMN^A TENUIS. Woodward. Geol. of Norf. t. 3, fig. 30, 1833.
LIMNEUS PALUSTRIS. Gray. 2d edit. Turt. p. 239, fig. 107, 1844.
LYMNEUS PALUSTRIS. S. Wood. Catalogue 1842.
L. Testa clongato-ovatd, tenui : spird elevatd, apice acuto ; anfractibus 4 — 5 converts, lavigatis ; aperturd ovatd.
Shell elongato-ovate, thin, with an elevated spire and acute apex ; whorls about five, convex and smooth, aperture ovate, half the length of shell.
Axis, | of an inch.
Locality. Mam. Crag, Bramerton and Bulcham. Recent, Britain.
Two or three belonging to Mr. Lyell, with one of my own, are all the fossil specimens that I have been able to examine ; they do not satisfactorily agree with the above recent species, although they resemble it more than any other with which I am acquainted, and present a sort of intermediate form between it and L. pereger, having the elevated spire of L. palustris and the convex whorls of L. pereger, or perhaps more like gigantic specimens of L. truncatulus. The left lip, which in the recent shell is a good deal reflected, is broken away in the Crag specimens, showing a small umbilicus. This species I have found at Stutton and Clacton, precisely resembling the recent form.
2. LIMN^A PEREGRA. Mull. Tab. I, fig, 7, a — b.
BUCCINUM PEREGRUM. Mull. Verm. p. 130, No. 324, 1774. BULIMUS PEREGER. Sruffuiere. Diet. No. 10, 1789. LIMNEUS PEREGER. Drap. Moll. pi. 2, fig. 34-37, 1805. HELIX PEREGRA. Mont. Test. Brit. 1803.
LIMN^EUS VULGARIS. Rossmasler. Icon. p. 97, t. 2, fig. 53-54, 1835. — PEREGER. S. Wood. Catalogue 1842.
L. Testa ovato-oblongd, tenui, fragili ; anfractibus quatuor, convexis ; suturis profundis ; spird mediocri, acutd ; labio reflexo, aperturd ovatd.
Shell ovato-oblong, thin, and fragile, with four convex volutions and a deep suture ; moderately elevated spire, and acute apex ; aperture elongato-ovate, with a subreflected peritreme ; left lip covering the umbilicus.
Axis, \ an inch.
Locality. Mam. Crag, Southwrold and Bramerton. Recent, Britain.
One specimen of my own, with a few belonging to Mr. Wigham, obligingly sent to
MOLLUSCA FROM THE CRAG.
me for the purpose of being figured, are sufficiently characteristic to be fairly identified with one of the recent British forms ; and I feel justified in assigning it to L. peregra. This is also found at Stutton and Clacton, but I have only met there with the more ovate and less elongated variety.
3. LIMN^A TRUNCATULA (?) Mull. Tab. I, fig. 8, a — b. BUCCINUM TRUNCATULUM. Mull. Verm. p. 130, No. 325, 1774. HELIX FOSSARIA. Mont. Test. Brit. p. 372, t. 16, fig. 9, 1803. LYMXEUS MINUTUS. Drop. Moll. pi. 3, fig. 5-7, 1805.
— FOSSARIUS. Turt. Man. fig. 108. LIMNEA FOSSAUIA. Flem. Brit. An. p. 274, 1828. LIMXEUB MINUTUS. Rossm. Icon. p. 100, t. 2, fig. 57, 1835.
L. Testa pnsittd, ovato-conicd, perforatd, tenui,frayili ; anfractibvs quinque conveosis ; suturis profundis ; spird elevatd ; apice acuto ; aperturd ovatd.
Shell small, ovato-conical, perforated, thin, and fragile, with about five convex volutions, and a deep suture ; spire elevated ; apex acute ; aperture ovate ; and a slightly reflected pillar lip.
Axis, \ of an inch.
Locality. Mam. Crag, Bramerton. Recent, Britain.
One small specimen, represented at fig. 8 b, sent to me by Mr. Wigham for the purpose of description, appears to belong to this species ; it has the convex volutions, deep suture, and open umbilicus, corresponding with those of the recent shell. Fig. 8 a is the representation of a specimen from the cabinet of Mr. Lyell of a more doubtful character ;* although more elongated than the general form of the recent species, it appears to correspond in other respects, and I feel disposed to assign it to L. truncatulus. This species is found in the truly Lacustrine beds of Stutton and Clacton, corresponding precisely with the recent form.
PLANORBIS/I* Mutter, 1781.
Gen*. Char. Shell orbiculato-depressed, discoidal ; volutions apparent above and below, convoluted upon a nearly horizontal axis, thin, light, smooth, and somewhat corneous ; aperture simple, lunate, crescent-shaped, or subquadrate ; outer lip thin, sharp ; inner lip slightly spreading over the body whorl. No operculum.
The animals belonging to this genus are inhabitants of pure fresh water ; their most favoured places of abode being in waters that are stagnant, although a few are found in gentle streams ; but none are as yet known in those places to which salt or brackish water has access ; the specimens, therefore, found in the Crag must of course have been accidentally introduced, and are few in number. Shells of this genus are formed upon a nearly horizontal plane, and some considerable disagreement
* Mr. Lyell's specimen measures f of an inch, t Etym. Planus, fiat, and orbis, a circle.
GASTEROPODA. 9
(not yet satisfactorily adjusted) has existed among conchologists as to the correct determination of the upper and under sides of these shells ; some have considered them as dextral, while others maintained them to be sinistral ; in my descriptions they are considered as dextral, although the artist has made them sinistral.
1. PLANORBIS COMPLANATUS. Linn. Tab. I, fig. 10, a — c.
HELIX COMPLANATA. Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 1242, 1766. PLANORBIS TJMBILICATUS. Mull. Verm. p. 160, No. 439, 1774. HELIX COMPLANATA. Mont. Test. Brit. p. 450, t. 25, fig. 4, 1803. PLANORBIS COMPLANATUS. Flem. Brit. An. p. 278, 1828. PLANORBIS MARGINATUS. Drop. Moll. p. 45, pi. 2, fig. 11-12, 1805.
Gray. 2d edit. Turt. Man. p. 265, fig. 88, 1840.
S. Wood. Catalogue 1842.
PL Testa discoided, complanatd, Icevigatd: anfractibus superne convexis, inferne complanatis : carina marginali, non prominenti ; spird depressd.
Shell discoidal, flattish, smooth, with the spire slightly depressed ; nearly flat beneath, with the margin carinated but not prominent; volutions convex above; aperture lunate ; the upper part of the peritreme projecting beyond the lower.
Diameter., § of an inch.
Locality. Red Crag, Butley.
Mam. Crag, Bulcham. Recent, Britain.
My cabinet contains but one specimen of this species, found by myself in undis- turbed Red Crag. It corresponds with the common recent form of this shell, and has a slightly carinated edge on the flat or lower side, while the volutions on the other side are convex, with the spire depressed and concave, and the edge of the outer lip projecting and curved. Two specimens from the Mam. Crag, near Norwich, were sent to me for description by Mr. Wigham ; they do not differ, however, in any respect from my own.
2. PLANORBIS SPIRORBIS. Mull. Tab. I, fig. 11, a — c.
PLANORBIS SPIRORBIS. Mull. Verm. 11, p. 161, 1774. HELIX SPIRORBIS. Gmel. Syst. p. 3624, No. 36, 1788.
Mont. Test. Brit. p. 455, t. 25, fig. 2, 1803. PLANORBIS VORTEX, var. /3. Drap. Moll. t. 2, fig. 6-7, 1805. PLANORBIS SPIRORBIS. Gray. 2d edit. Turt. Man. p. 268, fig. 98. S. Wood. Catalogue 1842.
PL Testa discoidea, utrinque plano-depressd ; anfractibus subcylindraceis, ultimo obsolete angulato.
Shell discoidal, thin, fragile, somewhat concave on both sides, with very slightly increasing, sub cylindrical or subquadrate volutions ; outer or lower margin obsoletely angulated.
Diameter, \ of an inch.
Locality. Mam. Crag, Bulcham. Recent, Britain.
2
10 MOLLUSCA FROM THE CRAG.
This is figured and described from a single specimen, belonging to Mr. Lyell. Its outer edge is rounded and not carinated, corresponding in that respect with the recent shell, which is now considered by most conchologists to be distinct from P. vortex, in which one edge is strongly keeled, and the surface thereby made quite flat, with the suture reduced to a fine and narrow line. Both these species are found in the fresh- water deposit, at Clacton, although P. vortex is the most abundant.
3. PLANORBIS CORNEUS. Linn. Tab. I, fig. 12, a — c. HELIX CORNEA. Linn, Syst. Nat. p. 1243, 1766. Mont. Test. Brit. p. 448, 1803. PLANOEBIS COENEUS. Drap. Moll. pi. 1, fig. 42, 44, 1805.
Gray. 2d edit. Turton's Man. fig. 95, 1840. G. B. Sowerby. Genera, fig. 1, 18—?
— Lam. 2d edit. Hist. Nat. des An. sans Vert. viii. p. 382, 1837. Rossmasler. Icon. t. 2, p. 14, pi. 7, fig. 113, 1838. Dujardin. Mem. Soc. Geol. de France, t. 11, 1837.
— S. Wood. Catalogue 1842.
PL Testa discoided, tenui,fragili, plano-depressa, altero late et profunde umbilicata ; anfractibm teretibus rapide crescentibus ; aperturd lunato rotunda.
Shell discoidal, thin, and fragile, rather flat on one side, with a deep or canaliculated suture ; umbilicus broad and deep ; volutions subcylindrical, rapidly increasing, impressed by the previous whorl.
Diameter, f of an inch.
Locality. Mam. Crag, Bulcham. Recent, Britain.
The figure is from a specimen in the cabinet of Capt. Alexander, and the only one I have seen. It corresponds precisely with specimens of the same size, of the common recent British species, and there is no doubt of its identity. The recent shell, in its young state, is marked with fine spiral striae, and the volutions, in more advanced age, are sometimes angulated. The striae are more especially distinct in the perios- traca, which, when removed, leave the shell nearly smooth. Our specimen has the slightest possible trace of spiral striae. This species has much the character of a sinistral shell, taking that for the under side in which the spire is most depressed and umbilicated ; but the portion of the peritreme is more produced and projecting on that side which, if it were a dextral shell, would be the uppermost. The depression of the vertex appears rather an anomaly in the mode of volution, but it occasionally occurs in species that are convolute upon a horizontal axis, as among some of the Bullte, where the lip is elevated above the spire, giving it there a deep umbilicus. Moreover, I should imagine that the projection of the lower portion of the aperture of the shell would rather impede the action of the foot, and incommode the motions of the animal. I have therefore considered that to be the upper side (fig. 12, b), in which the projecting portion of the peritreme would act rather as a protective covering to the animal.
GASTEROPODA. 11
CONOVULUS,* Lam. 1812.
MELAMPUS. Montf. 1810. CONOVULA. Ferus. 1819. MARINULA. King, 1831. CONOVULUM. G. B. Sow. jun. 1841. AURICULA. Lam. VOLUTA (spec.) Linn.
Gen. Char. Shell oval or elongate, sub cylindrical ; with generally a smooth exterior and short conoidal spire ; aperture rather long and narrow ; peritreme continuous, with two or three folds upon the columella ; outer lip sometimes plain, occasionally denticulated within.
This was proposed, in the first instance, by Lamarck, as a division of his extensive genus Auricula, but was afterwards suppressed by himself. Mr. J. E. Gray has recently adopted it in his edition of Turton's ' Manual of Land and Fresh Water Shells,' as a distinction from the Auriculae, which are land shells. The Conovuli live generally in water, and are found sometimes where it is purely fresh ; at others they extend their range into the sea.
1. CONOVULUS PYRAMIDALIS. /. Sow. Tab. I, fig. 13, a — b. AURICULA PYRAMIDALIS. J. Sow. Min. Con. t. 379, 1822.
Nyst. Coq. foss. de Belg. p. 473, pi. 39, fig. 12, 1844. CONOVULUS PYRAMIDALIS. S. Wood. Catalogue 1842.
C. Testa ovato-ventricosd, striatd, crassd ; spird conoided pyramidali ; apice obtusiusculo ; anfractibus 7 — 8 anyustis, superne convems, subcylindraceis ; aperturd ovato-oblongd auri- formi ; columella biplicatd.
Shell ovato-ventricose, striated ? thick and strong, with a conoidal or pyramidal spire, and a slightly obtuse apex; volutions about seven, elongated and subcylindrical, with an ear-shaped aperture, and two folds upon the columella ; inner lip slightly reflected, generally covering the umbilicus.
Axis, | of an inch.
Locality. Red Crag, Sutton.
Mam. Crag, Bramerton and Thorpe, near Aldborough.
Found rather sparingly, in the Red Crag, but abundantly in the estuary deposit, at Thorpe, where the specimens are generally more perfect, though seldom so large. It is a thick and strong shell, rather clumsily formed, with a sharp and simple outer lip, somewhat thickened within, particularly at the lower part, and slightly con- tracted in the middle ; the upper part of the volution slightly convex, sloping outwards, the body of the shell nearly straight, contracting towards the base, with two folds upon the inner lip ; the upper one sharp, prominent, and compressed ; nearly at right
* Etym. Conus and ovulum. This name of Melampus has priority, and ought to have been the one employed, but this having been used in my Catalogue is here retained.
12 MOLLUSCA FROM THE CRAG.
angles to the axis of the shell, and situate about the middle of the aperture, at the lower part of the body of the shell ; the other upon the columella, midway between the upper fold and the base of the aperture, and is more oblique of the two. The inner lip is thick, especially at the lower part, and reflected, sometimes entirely covering the umbilicus. The specimens are generally quite smooth ; but that I imagine is an acci- dental circumstance, as vestiges of punctured striae, may be occasionally observed within the aperture, or by the removal of the left lip, and the shell was probably, in its recent state, entirely covered with striae. There is one deep ridge round the upper part of the volution a little below the suture, and an incipient sinus at the upper angle of the aperture. I am strongly induced to think that the inhabitant was an animal more inclined to salt water than to fresh, as the specimens from the Red Crag have attained to a greater size, and appear to have received their full development as associates with purely marine forms.
2. CONOVULUS MYOSOTIS (?) Drop. Tab. I, fig. 14, a — b. var. /3, fig. 15. AURICULA MYOSOTIS. Drap. Hist, des Moll. pi. 3, fig. 16, 17, 1805. CONOVULUS BIDENTATUS. Gray. 2d edit. Turt. Man. p. 227, pi. 12, fig. 145, 1840. CONOVULUS MYOSOTIS. <S. Wood. Catalogue 1842.
C. Testa oblongo-conicd Itevigata ; spira elevatd, apice obtusiusculo ; anfractibus 8, convexi usculis ; columelld biplicatd ; labro tenui, simplici.
Shell elongated, smooth, with an elevated conical spire, and slightly obtuse apex ; whorls moderately convex, with two folds upon the columella ; outer lip sharp and plain.
Adds, rs of an inch.
Locality. Red Crag, Sutton.
Mam. Crag, Bramerton. Recent, Britain.
Three specimens of this species were found by myself in the Red Crag, associated with deep water, as well as more littoral species, probably carried there by the efflux of the tide upon pieces of decayed wood, its favorite haunt. It has only two folds upon the columella, the upper one is prominent and compressed, placed at nearly right angles to the axis, the lower one is rather more obtuse and oblique. It is larger than any British specimens I have seen, but is less elongated than my recent specimens of C. myosotis from France, which have also three folds. Montague says of his Valuta denticulata that it is a variable shell, and that specimens have sometimes as many as four folds upon the columella, while others have only two, and that the outer lip is sometimes denticulated within.
The same remark is made by Dr. Gould, who considers it probable that no less than six, perhaps seven, shells, figured and described under different names, are only modifications of this one species, arising from age, accident, and locality.
The Crag shell resembles, in its dentition and ovate form, the recent British species or variety C. bidentatus, Gray, but is much larger, having at least twice its length, with a cor- responding diameter. In the figure above referred to the artist has scarcely represented
GASTEROPODA. 13
it as sufficiently elongated. Fig. 15 is the representation of a shorter and more inflated variety, which might perhaps be considered as a species, with the name of intermedius, except that C. myosotis has in itself a tendency to extraordinary variation, and coming from a formation in which we are presented in other species with so many monstrous forms, we may be allowed, if necessary, a more than common deviation in this case. The number of teeth upon the columella being three, with a slight difference in their size and inclination, at one time induced a belief that it might be distinct, but the recent species, possessing even a greater degree of variation, will justify this being considered only as a variety. One specimen from the cabinet of Capt. Alexander, and one of my own, are all that I have seen from the Mammaliferous Crag.
ORD. PECTINIBRANCHIATA, Cuv.
SECT. a. SOLENOSTOMATA, FLEM. Gen. OVULA,* Bruguiere, 1792.
AMPHICERAS. Gronov. 1781 (fide Gray). OVULUS. De Montfort. 1810. SIMNIA. Leach. 1819. Risso. 1826. OVULUM. G. B. Sowerby, 18— (?) BULLA (spec.) Linn. CALPURNA. Flem. 1828. BIROSTRA. Swains. 1840.
Gen. Char. Shell fusiform or oviform, sometimes attenuated or greatly extended at each extremity ; externally smooth or very finely striated ; convolute upon a nearly horizontal axis, with a hidden spire ; aperture elongate and narrow ; outer lip generally inflected and denticulated ; inner lip smooth.
In form and mode of volution this genus approaches some of the species in the genus Bulla, especially Bulla acuminata ; .but it maybe distinguished from that genus by its having both extremities of the aperture canaliculated. In this a fold or tooth- like projection is visible at the upper part above the spire, whereas in Bulla, the fold, when visible, is upon the columella. The surface of the shell, when it has attained its full size, is covered with an enamel-like coat, which is the extension of the columella lip ; and it is therefore supposed that the animal has a mantle so extensive as to be able to envelope the entire shell. It difters from Cypraea principally in the ventricose smooth body of the volution, and in the absence of denticulations on the columellar
lip.
In a recent state the greater number of known species are natives of a warm climate, and one is quoted as an inhabitant of the British seas. It is not as yet known below the tertiary formations, and two British fossil species have been published, one of which is from the Crag.
* Etym. The diminutive of ovum, an egg.
14 MOLLUSCA FROM THE CRAG.
1. OVULA LEATHESII. /. Sow. Tab. II, fig. 1, a — b. OVULA LEATHESII. J. Sow. Min. Con. t. 478, 1824.
Nyst. Coq. foss. de Belg. p. 605, pi. 43, fig. 19, 1844. CALPURN?A LEATHESII. Flem. Brit. An. p. 331, 1828. OVULA LEATHESII. <S. Wood. Catalogue 1842. OVULUM LEATHESII. Morris. Catalogue, p. 155, 1843. BULLA SPELTA. Linn.
0. Testa elongato-ovatd, fusiformi, media ventricosd, ntrinque subacuminatd ; aperturd superne lineari, inferne sub-effusd ; labro intus incrassato, subtus rotundato-angulato ; columella superne uniplicatd.
Shell elongato-ovate, fusiform, smooth, rather ventricose in the middle, slightly acuminated at each extremity ; aperture contracted above, and a little expanded at the lower part, with a very short canal ; outer lip thickened within, reflected on the exterior ; inner lip thin, expanded, with an obtuse fold upon the upper part, above the spire.
Axis, |§ of an inch.
Locality. Cor. Crag, Sutton.
Red Crag, Walton Naze. Recent, Mediterranean.
This is at present rare in the Red Crag, and I have only a fragment from the Coralline Formation. It is in an altered condition, some of the outer coating has gone, leaving the reflected outer lip separated from the shell. There are some faint traces of denticulations upon the inside of the outer lip, as well as a few striae upon the lower part of the shell ; the inner lip is depressed, slightly concave, with a projecting callosity inward. So far as the altered state of this shell will allow of a fair com- parison, I do not see any good specific character by which it can be separated from Sulla spelta of Linnaeus, which is given as a Touraine fossil by Dujardin (Mem. de la Soc. Geol. de France, 1837, p. 302.)
Gen. CYPR^EA,* Linn. 1740.
PERIBOLUS (spec.) Adanson. 1757. COCCINELLA, Leach. 1820. TRIVIA. Gray. 1830.
Gen. Char. Shell oviform, oblong, or subglobular, with a short depressed spire, visible only in the young state ; covered with a coating of enamel in the adult. Aper- ture linear, as long as the shell, crenulated or denticulated on both sides, terminating at both extremities in a short canal, with an inflected and inflated outer lip, generally smooth, sometimes pustulous, or transversely ribbed.
In my Catalogue the species belonging to this genus were enumerated under the name of Trivia, proposed by Mr. J. E. Gray, for the reception of those species which are transversely ridged or sulcated upon the exterior ; as the animals, however, are known not to differ in any essential character from true Cypraea, I have accordingly restored
* Etym. Cypris, one of the names of Venus.
GASTEROPODA. 15
them to that genus. The shells of these species are, in the young state, quite smooth, and have a visible spire, with a sharp and simple outer lip, and it is only when full grown that the mantle envelopes the entire shell, depositing a calcareous coating, by which the spire is hidden, the exterior is covered with transverse rido-es, and the outer lip is thickened and inverted.
The larger and smoother species are inhabitants of tropical or subtropical regions, but, as a genus, it extends from the equator to the coast of Greenland. A species of the section Trivia has been found in the Eocene formations of this country, one specimen of which is in the cabinet of Mr. Wetherell, and another in that of the late Mr. Channing Pearce.
" Pig" is the common name of these shells upon the coast. In Italy they are called Porcelli ; and Porcelain, the common name of cowries, is taken from the fancied resemblance of these shells to pigs." — (Gray Zool. Proc. 1832.)
1. CYPR^A AVELLANA. /. Sow. Tab. II, fig. 5, a — e.
CYPR.EA AVELLANA. J. Sow. Min. Con. t. 3/8, fig. 3, 1832.
TRIVIA AVELLANA. S. Wood. Catalogue 1842.
TRIVIA TESTUDINELLA, vttr. ft. S. Wood. Catalogue.
CYPR^EA AVELLANA. Nyst. Coq. foss. deBelg. p. 608, pi. 45, fig. 13, 1844.
TRIVIA AVELLANA. Morris. Cat. of Brit. Foss. p. 164, 1843.
C. Testa ovato-globosd, crassd, transversim striatd, striis plus minmve numerosis, sulco dorsali interruptis ; aperturd lineari anc/mtatd.
Shell ovato-globose, variable, thick and strong, covered with transverse striae or ridges, more or less numerous, interrupted on the back by a longitudinal sulcus ; aper- ture linear, with the inner lip concave at the lower part.
Axis, I of an inch.
Locality. Cor. Crag, Sutton.
Red Crag, Walton and Sutton.
Rare in the Coralline Crag, but not so in the Red Crag at Walton. It is a very variable species, the length of axis ranging from three fourths to less than one fourth of an inch, with a transverse diameter, in some individuals, equal to its length, while, in others, it does not exceed two thirds of it. The number of ridges upon the exterior varies in almost an equal degree, and affords but little assistance for specific determination. One specimen in my cabinet has as many as forty, while another has only twenty-four ridges. T. testudinetta of my Catalogue was the elongated var. (fig. 5, c), which is now united with C. avellana, as I have reason to believe, from the examination of more specimens, that the differences are not specific, and that they may be connected by intermediate forms. It appears distinct from C. affinis, Dujard., in which the costse are more irregular, and terminate obtusely, leaving a naked sulcus on the back, while in this species the ridges are continued across it.
This species is also found in the Touraine beds, specimens of it, from that locality, are in the cabinet of Mr. Lyell.
16 MOLLUSCA FROM THE CRAG.
2. CYPR/EA AFFINIS. Dujard. Tab. II, fig. 9, a — b.
CYPRJEA AFFINIS. Dujard. M6m. sur les Conches du Sol en Touraine, Mem. de la Soc. Geol.
de France, 1837, p. 304, pi. 19, fig. 12. TRIVIA AFFINIS. S. Wood. Catalogue 1842.
C. Testa ovato-oUongd, transversim striatd ; striis sulco dorsali interruptis, et prope sulcum sub incrassatis ; aperturd angustatd.
Shell ovato-oblong, transversely striated or ridged, interrupted on the back with a longitudinal furrow ; striae or ridges rather irregular, slightly thickened at their terminations ; aperture elongate.
Axis, § of an inch.
Locality. Cor. Crag, Button.
At present I have only two specimens of this species, from the Crag of Suffolk, and they appear to differ from C. avettana in being of a more elongated form, in the irre- gularity of the ridges, and in their thickened terminations at the borders of the sulcus. Mr. Lyell has liberally supplied me with a good series of this species from the Touraine beds, which, although presenting much variation among themselves, are always less in size than the British species, and appear to preserve the general character of a naked sulcus. They may, nevertheless, be only varieties of one species, but I have no speci- mens that will unite the two, and have in consequence kept them distinct, as in all I have hitherto seen a difference may be readily pointed out.
3. CYPR^EA ANGLIC. 8. Wood. Tab. II, fig. 7, a — b.
TRIVIA ANGLIC. S. Wood. Catalogue 1842.
C. Testa ovato-globosd, striis, transversis paucis, sulco dorsali interruptis, et prope sulcum sub incrassatis ; apertura lineari subcentrali.
Shell globosely ovate, with a small number of transverse ridges, interrupted by a dorsal sulcus ; ridges slightly thickened at the edge of sulcus ; aperture subcentral ; outer lip thickened and recurved.
Axis, § of an inch.
Locality. Red Crag, Sutton.
This species is rare. It differs from the two preceding ones in having a less number of ridges, and in being rather more depressed, with a more orbicular form. The ridges seldom exceed nine in number, and are carried over the sulcus, but appear a little thickened at their edges. The sulcus in the figure is scarcely enough displayed.
4. CYPR^A RETUSA. /. Sow. Tab. II, fig. 8, a — b.
CYPR^EA RETUSA. J. Sow. Min. Con. t. 378, fig. 2, 1832. TRIVIA RETUSA. S. Wood. Catalogue 1842.
T. Testa ovato-globosd, transversim striatd, striis paucis remotis ; sulco dorsali nullo ; aperturd lineatd, submediand.
Shell ovato-globose, with few transverse striae, not exceeding 8 — 9 ; spaces between them broad ; no dorsal sulcus ; aperture subcentral, nearly straight.
GASTEROPODA. 17
Axis, § of an inch.
Locality. Cor. Crag, Button. Red Crag, Sutton.
This is not abundant in either formation. It much resembles the preceding (C. Anglia), in form and paucity of ridges, but there is no longitudinal sulcus on the back. The outer lip is reflected, bringing its linear opening nearly to the centre of the shell. These differences, as well as its more orbicular form, strike the eye immediately, and are, I think, sufficient specific characters. One specimen has only seven ridges across the back.
5. CYPR^A EUROP^EA. Mont. Tab. II, fig. 6.
CYPRJEA PEDICULUS EUROP./EA. Gmel. Syst. Nat. p. 3418. EUROPE. Mont. Test. Brit. Sup. p. 88, 1808. ARCTICA. p. 200.
— BULLATA, JUV. p. 202.
COCCINELLA. Lam. An. du Mus. torn, xvi, p. 104, 1810.
Nyst. Coq. foss. de Belg. p. 609, pi. 45, fig. 14. COCCINELLOIDES. J. Sow. Min. Conch, t. 3/8, fig. 1, 1823. EUROPEA. Flem. Brit. An. p. 330, 1828. EUROP^A. Gray. Zool. Proc. p. 14, 1832.
— NORVEGICA. Sars. Beskr. og. Jag. 1835. TRIVIA EDROP^EA. S. Wood. Catalogue 1842.
C. Testa ovato-oUongd, ventricosd ; sulcis transversis Itsvibm, suko dorsali nullo ; aperturd regidariter arcuatd, postice subproductd, dentibus cequalibus.
Shell oblong, ovate, ventricose, transversely sulcated, ridges bifurcating, smooth, raised ; aperture linear ; lower part of inner lip concave, slightly produced.
Axis, 3 of an inch.
Locality. Cor. Crag, Sutton.
Red Crag, passim. Recent, Britain.
This is very abundant in the Red Crag, and exceedingly variable. My largest specimen reaches f of an inch in length, while the smallest is little more than \ inch, with ridges varying on the back from ten to twenty, bifurcating towards the edges. The sulci, as well as the ridges in this and all the preceding species, are quite smooth, the latter being less in width than the former, and generally flat upon the top. Although this species is so abundant, I have never yet been able to procure a young or immature specimen. Mr. Lyell has it also from Touraine.
In describing these shells the term transverse is given to the ridges upon the exterior, while the sulcus upon the back is called longitudinal, corresponding in that character with the position of the animal in its natural state, with the head in a linear direction from the apex of the spire, irrespective of the volutions of the shell.
In England these shells are called " Nuns," and in Scotland " Johnny Groat's Buckie," according to Dr. Fleming. In France they have the name of Poux-de-
Mer.
3
18 MOLLUSCA FROM THE CRAG.
ERATO,* Bisso, 1826.
VOLUTA (spec.) Don. CYPR.EA. Mont. MARGIN ELL A. De France.
Gen. Char. Shell ovate, more or less angulated or conoidal, generally smooth, with a short, conical, distinct, but visible spire, and submammillated apex ; last whorl large, inflated ; aperture linear ; outer lip, in the adult state, thickened, inflected, and denticulated within ; suture covered with enamel, base slightly emarginate. Only a few species of this group are as yet known, which have been variously, described by different authors either as Volutes, Cyprsese, or Marginellae, and, as far as the shell may be a guide to its determination, it appears to come between the last two genera, having the inflected lip of the former with the small but visible spire of the latter. Seven recent species have been figured and described by Mr. G. B. Sowerby, jun., in his i Conchological Illustrations,' and these are all small shells ; they have generally a few folds or plicae at the base of the columella, but are sufficiently characterized to form a distinct and separate genus. 1. ERATO L^VIS. Don. Tab. II, fig. 10, a — b.
VOLUTA L.EVIS. Don. Brit. Shells, t. 145, 1799.
CYPR^EA VOLUTA. Mont. Test. Brit. t. 6, fig. 7, 1803.
BULLA DIAPHANA, juv. Test. Brit. p. 225, t. 7, fig. 8.
VOLUTA CYPR^OLA? Broc. Sub Appen. t. 4, fig. 10, a — b, 1814.
ERATO CYPRJEOLA. Risso. Hist. Nat. des princip. Prod, de 1'Europe, torn, iv, pi. 7, fig. 85, 1826.
MARGINELLA DONOVANI. Payr. Cat. t. 8, fig. 25, 27, 1826.
CYPR^EOLA. Dujard. Me*m. de la Soc. Geol. de France, p. 302, 1837.
ERATO L.EVIS. S. Wood. Catalogue 1842.
E. Testa subconoided, vel pyriformi, politd ; spird prominuld, obtusiusculd ; anfractibus 3 — 4 obsoletis ; aperturd angustatd, labro extus marginato, intus denticulate ; columella ad basim plicatd.
Shell subconoidal or pear-shaped, smooth and glossy, with a short obtuse spire ; volutions obsolete ; outer lip thickened without, and toothed within ; inner lip slightly denticulated, with two or three folds upon the base of the columella.
Axis, § of an inch.
Locality. Cor. Crag, Sutton.
Red Crag, Sutton. Recent, Britain.
This species is rare, particularly in the Red Crag. It appears to agree in every respect with the recent British shell. The mantle enveloped the entire shell in its adult state, and the sutures of the spire are obliterated by an enamel-like calcareous deposit, which extends over the apex. The outer lip is thickened and contracted in the middle, with a row of very small teeth on the left side ; these enlarge into two or three folds at the base of the columella. A ventricose variety of this species is in Mr. Lyell's cabinet, from Touraine.
* The name of one of the Muses (qua pr&sit rebus amatoriis,) given to this genus probably from its connexion with Cypraea (Cypris).
GASTEROPODA. 19
2. ERATO MAUGERIJE. Gray, Tab. II, fig. 11, a — b. ERATO MAUGERI^E. S. Wood. Catalogue 1842.
G. Sowerby. Conch. Illust. fig. 57, 1841.
E. Testa conoided, sulangulatd,l(Bvigatd politd ; spird drevi, odtusa ; anfractibus, tribus ; aperturd lineatd, basi subcanaliculato ; labro denticulate ; columelld subplicatd.
Shell small, conoidal, subangulated, smooth, and glossy ; spire short ; volutions 3 — 4 tumid, base subcaniculated ; outer lip denticulated, with a few plaits upon the lower part of the columella ; outer lip a little thickened in the middle.
Axis, 5 of an inch nearly.
Locality. Cor. Crag, Sutton.
Red Crag, Sutton. Recent, West Indies.
I have only one specimen from the Red Crag, but it is by no means rare in the Coralline beds. There is, I think, no doubt of its identity with the West Indian shell. It has three folds at the base of the columella, with four or five denticulations above them ; the outer lip is rather thickened in the middle. One of my specimens from the Cor, Crag has a tinge of colour remaining in the outer lip. The principal differences between this and the preceding (E. Itevis] are its size and its more tumid and angular form of volution. The figures are slightly enlarged. This species is also from Touraine, in Mr. Lyell's cabinet.
VOLUTA,* Linn&us, 1767.
MITRA. Flem. 1828. FASCIOLARIA. Conrad. HARPULA. Swains. 1840.
Gen. Char. Shell subovate, or elongato-fusiform, more or less ventricose, sometimes angulated, thick, strong, and generally large, smooth, striated, or tuberculated ; apex obtuse or mammillated ; outer lip simple, sometimes thickened within ; aperture gene- rally large and linear, terminating in a short and deep notch ; columella with several folds, of which the lowest is the largest.
Shells of a truly mammillated apex are not as yet known below the Miocene forma- tions. Those species hitherto considered as Volutes, from the Eocene deposits, have an elevated spire and an acuminated apex ; they differed probably in their animal inha- bitants, and may constitute another genus.
A species in Mr. Lyell's cabinet from the Eocene formation, at Claibourne, Alabama, and also one in the possession of Mr. Edwards, from Bracklesham, appear to preserve an intermediate character, having a small papilliform apex, showing the transition from the acute to the obtuse.
The recent species belonging to this genus are generally natives of the warmer regions of the globe, although one large species of true Volute, with an emarginate base, has been found on the southern coast of Patagonia, in lat. 51° S.
* Etym. Volutus, rolled, a volvo.
20 MOLLUSCA FROM THE CRAG.
1. VOLUTA LAMBERTI. /. Sow. Tab. II, fig. 3, a — b.
Dale. Hist, of Harwich, pi. 10, fig. 14, 1730. VOLUTE OF HARWICH. Park. Organ. Rem. t. 5, fig. 13, 1811. VOLUTA LAMBERTI. J. Sow. Min. Conch, t. 129, 1816. MITRA LAMBERTI. Flem. Brit. An. p. 333, 1828, FASCIOLARIA LAMBERTI. Conrad. Journ. Nat. Sc. vol. vi, p. 21G. VOLUTA LAMBERTI. Charlesworth. Mag. Nat. Hist. p. 37, fig. 7, 1837.
Grateloup. Cat. des An. de 1'Adour, p. 50, 1838.
Dujard. Mem. de la Soc. Geol. de France, torn, ii, pt. 2, p. 300, 1837.
Nyst. Coq. foss. de Beige, p. 587, pi. 45, fig. 4, 1844.
Morris. Catalog, of Brit. Foss. p. 167, 1843.
S. Wood. Catalogue 1842.
V. Testa fusiformi, ovatd, vel elongatd, tenuissime striatd, spirdconicd, apice papittari ; anfractibus convexiusculis, superne depressis ; aperturd ovatd, ad basim subcanaliculatd, attenuatd, vix emarginatd, columettd redd, plicatd.
Shell fusiform, ovate, or elongated, very finely striated, with 5 — 6 slightly convex volutions ; aperture ovate ; base subcanaliculated, rather produced ; columella straight, with four plaits.
Axis, 7 inches.
Locality. Cor. Crag, Aldborough, Ramsholt. Red Crag, passim.
This species is not confined to any locality, but is found in most places where a section of the Crag is visible. It scarcely fulfils the conditions required by the above generic characters, the base being produced and not emarginate, and the lower plait upon the columella being the smallest. As similar characters may be observed in some recent species, still included in this genus, it may be as well to leave the Crag one where it has been so long placed, until further information be obtained respecting their inhabitants.
It presents a good deal of variation in the proportionate dimensions, some speci- mens being much elongated, with a longitudinal diameter three times that of its transverse, while in others it is only as long again. The outer lip, when perfect, is sharp and rather arched, with an incipient sinus at the suture. The shell was probably covered with fine striae, in its original state, but very little of those markings can ever be seen ; they are most visible on those specimens that are washed up on the beach at Felixstow. This important character was first pointed out by Mr. Charlesworth, at the above reference.
The length of my largest specimen is seven inches ; another imperfect one indicates a magnitude of at least two inches more. Some fine specimens of a Volute, from Touraine, in Mr. Lyell's cabinet, belong, I think, to this species; they are rather thicker than the Crag ones, and short, resembling var. a (of our plate), and the folds upon the columella are rather less oblique, but not sufficiently different to remove it from this species. A young specimen shows the fine transverse striae.
GASTEROPODA 21
MITRA, Lam. 1801.
Gen. Char. Shell turreted, elongated ; spire elevated, apex generally acute ; volutions smooth, striated, sulcated, or, more frequently, costated ; columella slightly recurved and plicated ; folds less oblique than in Voluta, the lower fold always the smallest ; aperture narrow and elongated ; outer lip slightly thickened, and often dentated.
The greater part of the shells constituting this extensive genus, in the recent state, are natives of tropical or subtropical regions, but its geographical range is very extended, one species inhabiting the Greenland seas. Fossil species are by no means abundant, although they are occasionally present in all the tertiary deposits. The range, in depth, of many of the species is very considerable. Professor E. Forbes dredged up Mitra ebena'm the Mediterranean, at depths varying from twenty to eighty fathoms, and some are even littoral species.
1. MITRA PLICIFERA. S. Wood.
MITRA PLICIFERA. S. Wood. Catalogue 1842.
The shell that stands under this name in my Catalogue is a true Mitra, possessing four folds upon the columella, the upper one the largest and most isolated, while the lower one is small and nearly obsolete. It is obtusely costated upon the volutions, and transversely striated. My specimens are unfortunately in bad condition, unfit for figuring, and all further notice respecting it must be deferred until some better pre- served individuals are obtained.
RINGICULA,* Deshayes, 1838.
ATJEICULINA. Grateloup. 1838. MARGINELLA. Menard de la Groye. PEPIDES. Dujardin. AURICULA (spec.) Lam.
Gen. Char. Shell small and ovate, with a short spire and acute apex ; smooth or striated externally ; columella callous, deeply plicated ; outer lip thickened and reflected, with a deep notch at the base of the aperture.
This is a marine genus, and on that account separated by Deshayes from Auricula, in which these shells had been previously placed by Lamarck. It is in all probability one of the zoophagous molluscs, as the deep notch for the syphon would seem to indicate, though its place in a natural arrangement has not been well determined. Few species are as yet known, and those sparingly distributed throughout the tertiaries ; one is still living in the Mediterranean and one at the Gallapagos islands.
* Etym. The diminutive of ringens (from ringo, ringere, to grin), the specific name of the type of the genus. The name of Auriculina was proposed by Grateloup, in 1838, for this genus, but the above name had been previously (?) used by Deshayes, in the same year, in the 2d edition of Lam. Hist, des An. sans Vert., vol. viii.
22 MOLLUSCA FROM THE CRAG.
1. RINGICULA BUCCINEA. /. Sow. Tab. IV, fig. 2, a — d. VOLUTA BUCCINEA. Broc. Sub Appen. pi. 4, fig. 9, 1814. AURICULA BUCCINEA. J. Sow. Min. Conch, t. 465, fig. 2, 1823. MARGINELLA AURICULATA. Dubois de Montp. pi. 1, fig. 15, 16, 1831. PEDIPES BUCCINEA. Dvjard. Mem. Soc. Geol. de France, torn, ii, pt. 2, p. 2/7, 1837. AURICULINA RINGENS, var. ft. Graf. Mem. sur la Fam. des Melan. p. 12, 1838. RINGICULA BUCCINEA. Nyst. Coq. foss. de Beige, p. 604, pi. 45, fig. 12, 1844. 8. Wood. Catalogue 1842.
E. Testa snbovatd, lavigatd, apice acuto, spird elevatd ; anfractibus, 5 — 6, subinfatis ; basi emarginatd; columella plids tribus acutis ; labro marginato, cattoso, in medio inflate, non crenato.
Shell subovate, smooth, with an acute and rather elevated spire ; volutions, 5 — 6, very slightly inflated ; columella with three folds ; base short, emarginate ; outer lip thickened ; callous in the middle, not crenated ; inner lip spreading on the body whorl.
Aans, { of an inch.
Locality. Cor. Crag, Sutton. Red Crag, Sutton.
There is, in fact, but one acute and prominent tooth upon the columella, the upper one is a thickening or compression of the inner lip upon the body of the shell, visible only within the mouth ; the lower one is the replication of the lower part of the columella. This is very abundant at the first-mentioned locality, where there is also a small variety not more than one eighth of an inch in length.
2. RINGICULA VENTRICOSA. /. Sow. Tab. IV, fig. 1, a — b. AURICULA VENTRICOSA. J. Sow. Min. Con. t. 465, fig. 1, 1823. AURICULINA RINGENS. Grat. Foss. de Bord. p. 11, pi. 6, fig. 6, 7, 1838.
R. Testa ovatd, inflatd, tumidd ; transversim sulcatd, spira brevi, acutd ; columella tripli- catd ; labro expanso, adnato, cattoso, non crenato.
Shell ovate, tumid, inflated, sulcated along the volutions ; spire short ; apex acute ; outer lip thickened, without crenulations ; inner lip expanded.
Axis, § of an inch.
Locality. Cor. Crag, Sutton. Red Crag, Sutton.
Abundant in the Red Crag, and very scarce in the Coralline. This and the pre- ceding shell are considered as varieties by some conchologists. I am induced to keep them separate for the following reasons. This is shorter, broader, more inflated in the volutions than R. buccinea ; the exterior is deeply sulcated, and the two uppermost folds are placed further apart ; the two lower plaits not reaching half-way up the mouth, whereas, in R. buccinea, the three plaits are nearly equidistant, and the two lower ones occupy at least two thirds of the mouth ; the form of the outer lip in this shell is also more quadrate, and the inside of the outer lip is not so much thickened, nor so callous in the centre. Among all my numerous specimens there are no intermediate forms by which they can be fairly united.
GASTEROPODA. 23
COLUMBELLA,* Lam. 1799.
BUCCINUM (spec.) Adans. PYGM.EA. Humph. 1797. COLUMBUS. Montf. 1810. CONIDEA. Swains. 1840.
Gen. Char. Shell generally thick, strong, ovate, or somewhat angular, with a short spire, though sometimes turriculate and elevated ; aperture oblong ; base emarginate ; outer lip thickened and dentated within ; generally more or less tumid in the middle ; inner lip irregularly crenulated, thickened posteriorly, and callous ; operculum small and corneous.
Shells of this genus have a tropical or subtropical character, and may be considered almost as a recent group ; a few species have, however, been found in the Touraine beds. The Crag one is rather of an aberrant form, connecting it with Nassa.
1. COLUMBELLA SULCATA. J. Sow. Tab. II, fig. 2, a — d.
BUCCINUM SULCATUM. J. Sow. Min. Con. t. 375, fig. 2, 1823.
var. /3. Min. Con. t. 477, fig. 4. COLUMBELLA SULCATA. 5. Wood. Catalogue 18^2.
C. Testa turritd, elongatd ; spird elevatd, apice acuto, anfractibus nmnerosis, convexis, transversim sulcatis ; aperturd elongatd; labro incrassato, intus denticulate ; basi truncatd, emarginatd ; labro inferne plicato.
Shell elongate, turreted, and sulcated ; spire elevated, apex acute, whorls 8 — 10, convex ; aperture elongate, subtrapezoidal ; outer lip nearly straight, thickened, and denticulated within ; base short, open, and truncated ; left lip thin, crenulated.
Axis, \\ inch.
Locality. Red Crag, Walton Naze. Var. |3, Sutton.
Abundant at Walton, but rare in all other parts. I am not aware of its having been found in the Coralline Crag. It is very variable in its proportionate dimensions. In one specimen the mouth is nearly one half its length, while in another it is not more than one fourth. The outer lip is thickened and denticulated within, when in its adult state, and no doubt the left lip was also crenated when recent. One specimen shows a few folds upon the lower part of the columella, with a slight thickening in the middle of the outer lip. These characters are considered sufficient to retain it in the above genus.
ROSTELLARIA,* Lam. 1801. STROMBUS (spec.) Linn.
Gen. Char. Shell turreted or fusiform, with numerous volutions, generally orna- mented on the exterior by longitudinal costse or transverse striae ; aperture ovate, with
* Etym. (?) The diminutive of Columba, a dove, f Etym. Rostellum, a little beak.
24 MOLLUSCA FROM THE CRAG.
its superior extremity extended in the form of an elongated and very narrow canal ; base with sometimes a lengthened siphonal canal, and a sinus in the lower part of the outer lip.
ROSTELLARIA PLUBIMACOSTA. 5. Wood. Catalogue of Crag Shells, 1842.
A few worn specimens of a species of Rostellaria are in my cabinet, from the Red Crag of Sutton. They are in a mutilated condition, and unfit for fair comparison ; they bear a resemblance, and may possibly be the E. lucida, J. SOAV. (Min. Con. t. 7), perhaps washed out of the London clay.
APORRHAIS,* Aldrovandus. ROSTELLARIA. Lam. 1801. CHENOPUS. Phil. 1836.
Gen. Char. Shell turreted or fusiform, thick and strong, generally ribbed, nodulous, or carinated ; aperture ovate or elongate, terminating in a canal with a calcareous pointed process at the base, and having, in the adult state, an expanded, angularly lobed, or digitated outer lip, sinuated at the lower part near the canal. Operculum corneous.
The name for this genus was used by Aldrovandus in 1623, and by Petiver in 1 702, when describing the pes-pelicani with the following words : " Aporrhais Edin- burgensis minor nodosa." (Gazophylacium, fol. 17, Tab. 79, f. 6, and Tab. 127, f. 11, Cat. No. 85.) Da Costa (History of British Shells, 4to, 1778) characterizes the same species under the name of Aporrhais with a new specific appellation, and a reference to Petiver. In the ' Philosophical Transactions' for 1823, Dillwyn uses the same name as a generic term, and applies it to the pes-pelicani ; and this may be considered as a fair revival of a name proposed before the time of Linnaeus. This species, upon which the genus has been established, was included by Lamarck in Rostellaria, in consequence of the sinus in the lower part of the outer lip resembling the shells of that genus.
In 1836, M. Philippi (Enum. Moll. Sic. vol. i, p. 215,) described the animal of pes-pelicani, which, he says, is decidedly different from that of Rostellaria, and proposes, in consequence, to erect it into a genus, under the new name Chenopus, with the JPOS- pelicani as its type.
It has been contended that the genus was in the first instance established upon the form of the shell alone, without a knowledge of its animal inhabitant ; and that a detection of a difference in some of the soft parts, with a publication of the anatomical details, will justify the rejection of an old established name and the substitution of a new one. A principle which, if admitted, will endanger the stability of many other genera that have been formed upon the shell alone, and priority of date, as now considered, will be no security for an author's name.
* Probably derived from awoppa% or anopfnaz, rent, torn, in allusion to the ragged or digitiform processes of the outer lip.
GASTEROPODA. 25
1. APORRHAIS PES-PELICANI. Linn. Tab. II, %. 4, a — b.
* o '
STROMBUS PES-PELICANI. Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 1207, 1767. TRITONIUM PES-PELICANI. Mull. Zool. Dan. prod. p. 244, 1776. APORRHAIS QUADRIFIDUS. Da Costa. Brit. Conch, p. 136, t. 7, fig. 7, 1778. ROSTELLARIA PES-PELICANI. J. Sow. Min. Conch, t. 558, 1827.
Dubois de Montp. Conch, foss. du Plat. Volhyn. Podol. pi. 1,
fig. 31, 1831.
Nyst. Coq. foss. de Beige, p. 561, pi. 43, fig. 7, 1844. CHENOPUS PES-PELICANI. Phil. En. Moll. Sic. p. 215, 1836. APORRHAIS PES-PELICANI. S. Wood. Catalogue 1842.
Morris. Cat. of Brit. Foss. p. 138, 1843.
A. Testa turritd; anfractibus conveaois, subangulatis, medio nodulosis, striatis ; labro dilatato, in tres digitos partito ; digitis divaricatis, canali, elongato, obliquo.
Shell turreted, with 10 — 11 convex volutions, covered in the centre with small nodules ; transversely striated ; outer lip digitated, and separated into three sharp digitiform processes, one of which runs up the spire ; base of volution angulated ; canal produced and curved.
Axis., \ inch.
Locality. Cor. Crag, Ramsholt and Gedgrave.
Red Crag, Sutton, Newbourn, Brightwell, and Bawdsey. Recent, British Seas.
This shell is rarely found in good condition in the Red Crag ; some well-preserved specimens, however, show a perfect identity with the long known recent species. The middle of the volution is slightly angular and nodulous, so also is the prominent keel at the base of the whorl, like that of the recent shell, with another ridge beneath it. The striae are oblkerated from all my Red Crag specimens, though shown in those from the Coralline. This is a living Mediterranean species, and stated by Philippi to be exceedingly variable there. My Crag specimens are very uniform in character.
TEREBRA,* Adanson, 1757.
TEREBRA. Lam. SUBULA. Blainville.
Gen. Char. Shell subulate, turriculate, generally much elongated, with an acumi- nated apex; volutions numerous ; aperture comparatively short, ovate ; base emarginate, with or without a canal ; outer lip thin ; columella often oblique and spiral, sometimes striated; many species have a corneous operculum.
This as a recent genus is abundant in species, and is nearly confined to the tropical seas. Mr. J. E. Gray has separated several recent species included by Lamarck in this genus, in consequence of a difference in the animal, and united them into a distinct group, under the name of Bullia. There are no good generic characters in the shell of Bullia by which it can be distinguished, although its general form is intermediate between the elongated Terebrse and some of the Nassae.
* Etym. Terebro, to bore.
26 MOLLUSCA FROM THE CRAG.
1. TEREBRA IN VERSA. Nyst. Tab. IV, fig. 3, a — b.
TEREBRA INVERSA. Nyst. Coq. foss. de Beige, p. 581, pi. 44, fig. 9, 1844. — HETEROSTROPHA. S. Wood. Catalogue 1842.
T. Testa turritd,subulatd, sinistrorsd; lotigitudinaliter plicatd, anfractibus sub-planulatis, prope suturam appressis, inform convexiusculis ; aperturd ovatd sub effusd; columdld contortd ; labro acuto, intus nitido.
Shell fusiform, turriculate, sinistral, with a rather obtuse apex ; whorls nearly flat? longitudinally plicated ; aperture ovate : outer lip sharp, with a slightly recurved canal.
Axis, nearly § of an inch.
Locality. Cor. Crag, Gedgrave. Red Crag, Sutton.
In a communication from M. Nyst, he says that the Belgian shell, which I have not seen, is perfectly identical with that from the Crag. I have therefore given his name ; mine, being without description, can be considered only as provisional. My specimens are few, and not in good condition ; one of the most perfect shows a ridge running round the upper part of the volution, like that in T.pertusa, but not so distinct ; neither are the volutions so flat as in that shell, and it appears to have a longer canal.
2. TEREBRA CANALIS. Tab. IV, fig. 4.
TEREBRA CANALIS. S. Wood. Catalogue.
I have only three or four imperfect specimens of what stands under this name in my Catalogue. It much resembles the preceding in the length of its canal and form of its volutions, and may possibly be only a dextral variety ; but better specimens than I possess are necessary for such a determination.
The figure above referred to is a restored form by the union of two imperfect specimens.
CASSIDARIA,* Lam. 1812.
MORIO. Montf. 1810. ECHINORA. Schum. 1817.
Gen. Char. Shell ovate, ventricose, with a short turreted spire, last whorl much inflated, for the most part spirally grooved or tuberculated ; aperture large, termi- nating anteriorly in a slightly recurved canal ; outer lip thickened, reflected, and dentated within, in the adult state ; inner lip broad and expanded over the umbilicus, with part of its lower edge free. Operculum (?)
This genus in most of its characters resembles Cassis, but is distinguished by its rather lengthened and less suddenly recurved canal. In Cassis it is emarginate, short, and reflected. The Crag shell was first placed in the latter genus in the ' Mineral Conchology,' the canal not having been seen by the author of that work.
This genus is rather indicative of tropical or subtropical regions, and several species have been described from the Eocene as well as from the Meiocene formations of Europe.
* Etym. Cassida, a helmet. The name of Morio appears to have priority of date. Cassidaria having been used in my Catalogue, it is not thought necessary to alter it.
GASTEROPODA. 27
1. CASSIDARIA BICATENATA. /. Sow. Tab. IV, fig. 5, a — b.
CASSIS BICATENATUS. J. Sow. Min. Con. t. 151, 1824.
CASSIDARIA BICATENATA. S. Wood. Cat. of Crag Shells in Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. p. 538, 1842. Ny*t. Coq. foss. de Beige, p. 565, pi. 46, fig. 6, 1844.
C. Testa ovato-ventricosd, transversim sulcatd; sulcis depressis, longitudinaliter decussatis ; anfractibus convexis, subcarinatis ; carinis tuberculosis ; labro incrassato, intus obscure dentato.
Shell ventricose, ovate, sulcated or ridged; obscurely decussated; volutions tumid ; last whorl large, inflated, upper part subcarinated and tuberculated ; outer lip thickened, faintly dentated ; inner lip broad and expanded ; columella finely and irregularly striated.
Axis, 4 inches ; transverse diameter, nearly 3 inches.
Locality. Cor. Crag, Ramsholt and Gedgrave.
Red Crag, Sutton, Bawdsey, and Felixstow.
This handsome shell is at present exceedingly rare in both formations. Specimens have been occasionally washed up on the beach at Felixstow, along with Valuta Lamberti, apparently thicker and stronger than the generality of shells from the Red Crag, which Mr. Charlesworth (Mag. Nat. Hist., 1837, p. 38) thinks were from a deposit posterior in age to that formation.
The subangulated appearance on the upper part of the volution is produced by a double row of nodules upon the ridges, the upper one of which is the most prominent. These nodules may be traced upon two or three of the ridges, becoming more obscure as they descend upon the body whorl. The outer lip of one specimen is much thick- ened and a large callus deposited upon the body of the shell, forming a distinct sinus at the upper part of the aperture. The canal is rather shorter than in the generality of shells in this genus, but is not deep and reflected like that in Cassis. This shell thickens its outer lip at irregular periods of growth, leaving thereby obtuse varices visible upon the spire. This is also the case in many of the Helmets. Specimens from the English Crag attain a magnitude considerably beyond that figured by M. Nyst ; one of mine exceeds it twofold in linear dimensions.
NASSA,* Lam. 1801. BUCCINUM (spec.) Linn.
Gen. Char. Shell ovate, turriculate or conoidal ; spire generally longer than the aperture ; apex mostly acute ; exterior grooved, striated, granulated, or tuberculated, sometimes smooth ; inner lip largely expanded, with a tooth-like projection at the base of the columella., and sometimes a tooth upon the left lip, at the upper part of the
* Nassa is the name of a kind of net, for catching fish, made of twigs like an eel-pot ; probably in allusion to the generally reticulated surface of these shells.
28 MOLLUSCA FROM THE CRAG,
aperture ; outer lip generally thickened and dentated within, with a short and some- wrhat reflected canal ; operculum corneous.
This genus is not admitted by all conchologists as a necessary separation from the Linnaean genus Buccinum, and in fact Lamarck subsequently reunited them without assigning any reason for so doing. The principal distinctive character given, is the prominent tooth at the base of the columella, and, it might also be added, the denticu- lations within the outer margin of the aperture, and the expanded form of the inner lip. There certainly is a close resemblance between some species of each, but such is the case with all approximate genera in their aberrant forms. Two or three species have been figured from the Green-sand as belonging to this genus, and a few doubtful shells are given from the Eocene formations. The Crag deposit is exceedingly rich not only in individual specimens, but also in number of species. The range of this genus in depth seldoms exceeds sixteen fathoms, while some of the species are found under stones at low water.
1. NASSA LABIOSA. /. Sow. Tab. Ill, fig. 8, and Tab. VII, fig. 22. BUCCINUM LABIOSUM. /. Sow. Min. Con. t. 477, 1824.
Nyst. Coq. foss. de Beige, p. 577, pi. 43, fig. 14, 1844. NASSA LABIOSA. S. Wood. Catalogue 1842.
N. Testa ovatd ; spird elevatd; transversim profunde sulcatd ; apice acuminato ; anfractibus septem convexiusculis ; suturis profundis, canaliculatis ; labio extenso ; labro intus denticulate ; canali brevi.
Shell ovate, with an elevated and acuminated spire, ridged or sulcated along the volutions, with a small canal at the suture ; inner lip thick and extended on the body whorl ; outer lip denticulated within ; canal short..
Axis, | of an inch.
Locality. Cor. Crag, Gedgrave.
Red Crag, Sutton and Newbourn.
Not very abundant. When perfect the spiral ridges are generally regular, flat, as broad as, and sometimes broader than, the spaces between them. The inner lip is much spread and smooth, and the upper angle of the mouth slightly elevated, producing thereby a small but distinct canal at the suture ; canal short, slightly recurved, with about a dozen denticulations within the outer lip. It has a fold or ridge at the base of the columella, with two or three wrinkles on the lower part of the left lip. This is given by Professor E. Forbes, in his ' Report upon the Geological Relations of the existing Fauna and Flora of the British Isles,' as a synonym to B. semistriatum, Broc. If it be the same species, it is very differently ornamented upon the exterior. The Crag shell is more elongated than any of my specimens of B. semistriatwn, and it is regularly striated or ridged all over, and rather more strongly so upon the body of the shell. In B. semi- striatum it is strongly and coarsely striated only at the base, nor are there any longitudinal folds upon the upper volutions ; lines of growth are faintly visible over the shell.
In Table in, fig. 8, the artist has given too great an expansion to the lower portion of the outer lip. Table vn, fig. 22, is a more correct representation.
GASTEROPODA. 29
2. NASSA INCRASSATA. Mull. Tab. Ill, fig. 4.
TIUTONIUM INCRASSATUM. Mull. Prod. No. 2946, 1773. BUCCINUM MACULA. Mont. Test. Brit. p. 241, t. 8, fig. 4, 1803.
ASCANIAS. Sruff. ex Phil. En. Moll. Sic. vol. ii, p. 188.
ASPERULUM. Broc. t. 5, fig. 8, 1814. NASA INCRASSATA. Flem. Brit. An. p. 340, 1828. NASSA INCRASSATA. S. Wood. Catalogue 1842.
N. Testa ovato-conicd, subturritd ; spird acutd ; longitudinaliter costatd ; transversini angmte striatd ; anfractibus 6 — 7 convexis, tumidis ; aperturd subrotundd ; labro in- crassato, varicoso, intus denticulate.
Shell rather small, ovato-conical, subturreted, longitudinally costated, and finely striated transversely; whorls 6 — 7 convex, tumid; aperture subcircular, with a thickened outer lip, denticulated within.
Axis, | of an inch, nearly.
Locality. Cor. Crag, Sutton.
Red Crag, Sutton. Recent, Britain.
Very scarce in the lower formation ; more abundant in the Red Crag. My specimens seldom exceed § of an inch in length. The costse in the last volution vary from 12 — 15, with 12 — 15 threads along the whorls, and carried over the ribs. Denticulations within the lip, lower one the most produced, with a distinct ridge on the opposite side of the canal at the base of the columella, contracting the entrance to the canal, with a prominent tooth upon the body whorl, near the upper part of the aperture. This appears to correspond with the recent species in every character except its size, the recent British specimens being generally larger.
3. NASSA GRANULATA. /. Sow. Tab. Ill, fig. 3.
BUCCINUM GRANULATUM. J. Sow. Min. Con. t. 110, fig. 4, 1815.
. Nyst. Coq. foss. de Beige, p. 575, pi. 43, fig. 11, 1844. NASSA GRANULATA. <S. Wood. Catalogue 1842.
N. Testa ovato-conicd, turritd, apice acuto ; anfractibus convexis, longitudmaliter costatis, transversim striatis ; striis elevatis granulatis ; aperturd subrotundd ; labro incrassato intus dentato ; labio superne unidentato.
Shell ovato-conical, with an elevated and acute spire ; whorls convex, longitudinally costated, and decussated by coarse and elevated striae ; aperture subcircular, with a reflected left lip and thickened margin denticulated within.
Axis, f of an inch.
Locality. Cor. Crag, Sutton. Red Qr&g, passim.
Very abundant in the Red Crag, but rare in the Coralline. In shape it much re- sembles the preceding species, but the striae, or rather ridges, are fewer and larger, and carried over the costse, which give it a granulate appearance, and regularly decussate the exterior. The outer lip has fewer teeth. The tooth on the body whorl forms an
30 MOLLUSCA FROM THE CRAG.
imperfect sinus at the upper angle of the aperture. Sue. graniferum, Dujardin (Geol. Trans, of France, 1837, vol. ii, part 2, pi. 20, f. 11, 12), strongly resembles this species, but appears to have the costee more apart ; in this shell they are contiguous, with a difference also in the striae. Sue. gramilatum, Philippi (En. Moll. Sic. vol. i, p. 226, pi. 11, f. 22), appears a different species. The shell figured (fig. 3) is rather above the ordinary size, which rarely exceeds half an inch.
4. NASSA PROPINQUA. /. Sow. Tab. Ill, fig. 2.
BUCCINUM PROPINQUUM. J. Sow. Min. Con. t. 477, fig. 2, 1824.
COSTULATUM. Broc. t. 5, fig. 9, 1814. NASSA PROPINQUA. S. Wood. Catalogue 1842.
N. Testa elongato-ovatd, longitudinaliter costulatd ; costis (circa 23) nodulosis, striis transversis decussatis ; anfractibus convexis; striis prope suturam profundioribus exaratis, angulatis ; labio superne unidentato ; labro crasso intus denticulate.
Shell elongato-ovate, longitudinally costated, with about twenty-three small costse, sulcated or ridged ; ridges carried over the ribs, and nodulous ; one ridge isolated and distinct near the suture ; one tooth upon the body whorl within the mouth ; outer lip thickened and denticulated within.
Axis, § of an inch.
Locality. Red Crag, Sutton and Walton Naze.
This species is by no means rare, though seldom found in good condition. Its distinguishing character is the granulated ridge near the suture, which is separated by a wider sulcus than any of the others. The outer lip is thickened only in its adult state ; the shell is, however, sometimes ornamented with an obtuse varix, where the animal has enlarged its shell, and has produced another half volution. It is possible this may be the Buc. costulalum, Brocchi, which I do not know ; the figure given by
that author is rather more elongate than our shell.
•
5. NASSA ELEGANS. Leathes. Tab. Ill, fig. 1.
BUCCINUM ELEGANS. J. Sow. Min. Con. t. 477, fig. 1, bene, 1824.
Nyst. Coq. foss. de Beige, p. 576, pi. 43, fig. 13, non bene.
Morris. Catalogue of Brit. Foss. p. 139, 1843. NASSA ELEGANS. S. Wood. Catalogue 1842.
TV! Testa turritd, angustd, longitudinaliter costatd, transversim striatd ; striis paucis elevatis ; apice acuminato ; anfractibus 7 — 8 convexis, suturisprofundis; aperturd orbicu- lari ; labio superne uniplicatd, labro intus denticulato.
Shell turreted and elongate, with an elevated spire, costated longitudinally, 10 — 11 in the last volution, striated or ridged transversely ; volutions convex, and suture deep ; outer lip thickened, dentated within.
Axis, | of an inch.
Locality. Red Crag, Walton Naze.
I have not seen this shell from any other locality, although in the Cliff at Walton it is
GASTEROPODA. 31
by no means rare. The costse are about 1 1 in number on the last volution, and stand apart ; they are not so wide as the spaces between them, and are crossed by about ten sharp and elevated striae, which are carried over the ribs, and the mouth has a thickened varix when full grown. This species appears subject to very little variation; among all my specimens there is but a trifling difference. It is more distinctly costated and more elongated than the two preceding. The costge in the figure given by M. Nyst are represented as close together. In the English specimens there is a considerable space between them. The mouth is subcircular, with about a dozen denticulations within the outer lip, and sometimes three or four at the lower part of the columella. In one specimen the whole of the left lip is covered with denticulations.
6. NASSA CONSOCIATA. S. Wood. Tab. Ill, fig. 7.
NASSA GOSTULA. S. Wood. Catalogue 1842.
N. Testa turritd, angustd, elegante ; spird elevatd, apice obtusimculo, longitudmaliter costatd, costis 9 — 10 reef is, transversim cremdatis ; aperturd orbiculari ; labio superne uniplicalo ; labro incrassato intus rare denticulato.
Shell turreted, with an elevated spire, and rather obtuse apex, longitudinally costated, costa3 9 — 1 0 transversely crenulated ; aperture orbicular, with a tooth on the left lip ; base rather contracted and reflected, outer lip dentated within.
Axis, § of an inch.
Locality. Cor. Crag, Sutton and Gedgrave. Red Crag, Sutton.
I possess only a few specimens of this shell from each formation, which I have considered as distinct. It somewhat resembles N. elegam, but differs in several characters. The transverse ridges are more obtuse than in N. elegans, and almost invisible between the ribs, which are prominent and distant. The mouth has externally a thickened varix in the adult state, and the lip is much thickened within, with four or five obtuse dentations. The siphonal canal is deeply indented and reflected towards the back. It differs from the figure of B.pusillum, Phil. (t. 27, f. 15), in having the volutions more convex, and the costse more distant, with a more circular aperture, and fewer dentations, and it may be considered intermediate between that species and N. elegans. It is more elongated and elegant than B. graniferum, Dujardin, and has the costae further apart.
7. NASSA MONENSIS. Forbes. Tab. Ill, fig. 5.
NASSA MONENSIS. Forbes. Proceedings of Geol. Soc. vol. iv. — PROXIMA. S. Wood. Catalogue 1842.
N. Testa elongato-ovatd, turritd, longitudinaliter costatd; anfractibus convexis, striatis ; suturisprofundis; costis 12; aperturd ovatd ; labio unidentato ; labro intus denticulato.
Shell elongato-ovate, turreted, longitudinally costated ; whorls convex, rugosely striated ; suture deep ; costse 10 — 12 ; aperture ovate, with a tooth at the upper part of the left lip ; outer lip dentated within.
32 MOLLUSCA FROM THE CRAG.
Axis, I of an inch.
Locality. Red Crag, Sutton.
This species is at present rare ; I have met with but three specimens. It appears to be quite distinct from any shell with which I am acquainted, and is considered by Mr. Forbes to be identical with the shell above referred to, which was first found in the Pleistocene beds of the Isle of Man. It is not known as a living species.
8. NASSA CONGLOBATA. Broc. Tab. Ill, fig. 9.
BUCCINUM CONGLOBATUM. Brocchi. p. 334, t. 4, fig. 15, 1814.
PUPA. Brocchi. p. 334, t. 4, fig. 14. NASSA CONGLOBATA.. S. Wood. Catalogue 1842.
N. Testa ovatd, subglobatd, iwflatd, tumidd ; transversim sulcatd ; anfractu ultimo globoso, spird abbreviate, aperturd subrotundd ; labio rugoso unidentato ; basi profundv emarginatd ; labro intus denticulate.
Shell ovate, subglobose, inflated, transversely striated, or sulcated ; spire short ; mouth ovate, contracted at the upper part ; left lip expanded, rugose, with a tooth at the upper angle of the aperture ; base short ; canal reflected ; outer lip dentate within.
Axis, 1^ inch.
Locality. Red Crag, Walton Naze.
This is, I believe, at present, an unique specimen. Mr. Charlesworth was the fortunate finder, and through that gentleman's liberality it now enriches my collection of Crag. The specimen is a little worn, but there is no doubt of its identity ; I have some Italian specimens in the same condition. The artist has given rather too great a prominence to the ridges upon the surface. The outer lip is thickened externally, with about nine or ten teeth upon the interior, and a few obsolete denticulations upon the left or columellar lip, which was largely, extended, though broken, in my specimen.
9. NASSA PRISMATICA. Broc. Tab. Ill, fig. 6.
BUCCINUM PRISMATICUM. (?) Broc. p. 337, sed non fig.
Phil. En. Moll. Sic. vol. i, p. 220, 1836.
Nyst. Coq. foss. de Beige, p. 576, pi. 43, fig. 12, 1844.
BUCCINUM ELEGANS. Dujard. Trans. Geol. Soc. of France, 1837, p. 298, pi. 20, fig. 3, 10. NASSA MICROSTOMA. S. Wood. Catalogue 1842.
N. Testa ovato-conoided, longitudinaliter costatd, striis elevatis transversis ; anfractibus rotundatis ; suturis profundis ; labio superne uniplicato, basi rejlexd emarginatd; labro extus incrassato, intus denticulato.
Shell ovato-conical, longitudinally costated ; costee 15 on the last volution, covered with elevated transverse striae ; whorls rounded and suture deep ; one tooth on the upper part of the left lip ; aperture subcircular ; outer lip thickened, denticulated within.
Axis, | of an inch.
GASTEROPODA. 33
Locality. Cor. Crag, Gedgrave.
Red Crag, Sutton. Recent, Mediterranean.
When my Catalogue was compiled I possessed but two or three specimens from the Red Crag, and those not in very good condition. A few have lately been obtained from the Coralline Crag, at Gedgrave., by Mr. Daniels and myself. These are in better preservation, and sufficiently perfect to bear a fair comparison, and may be considered as identical with the recent species from the Mediterranean. They appear to be the same as the Sue. elegans of Dujardin, some specimens of which, from Touraine, were given to me by Mr. Lyell. It is different from the figure of B. prismaticum, Broc., Table v, fig. 7, as pointed out by Philippi.
10. NASSA RETICOSA. /. Sow, Tab. Ill, fig. 10, a — h.
NASSA RETICOSA, var. a. VULGARIS. 8. Wood. t. 3, fig. 10, a.
var. b. HUGOS A 10, b.
var. c. ELONGATA 10, c.
var. d. THIARA 10, d.
var. e. FENESTRALIS - 10, e.
var./. DEFORMIS - 10, /.
var. g. CONCINNA - 10, g.
var. h. COSTATA 10, h.
var. i. PERVERSA, t. 19, fig. 13, a — b. BUCCINUM RETICOSTJM. J. Sow. Min. Conch, t. 110, fig. 2, 1815.
RUGOSUM 110, fig. 3.
— ELONGATUM - 110, fig. 1.
Nyst. Coq. foss. de Belg. p. 575, pi. 45, fig. 1, 1844. var. a. 45, fig. 2.
— var. b. - 45, fig. 3.
Dale. Hist, and Antiq. of Harwich, pi. 10, fig. 12, 1730.
JV. Testa elongatd, costatd, reticulatd, rugosd, granulatd, striatd vel sulcatd; spird elevatd, aliquando brevi ; aperturd ovatd ; basi reflexd, emarginatd ; labro intus denticulate.
Shell very variable, sometimes costated, rugose, granulated, reticulated, striated, or sulcated ; spire generally elevated ; aperture ovate, with a short emarginate reflected base ; outer lip denticulated within.
Locality. Red Crag, passim.
This is one of the most abundant shells in the Red Crag, and specimens of one or more of the varieties may be procured wherever a section of that formation is visible. B. reticosum, Sow., is here considered as the type of the species, as they are all more or less reticulated, and not all elongated. In some of the varieties the outer lip is thick- ened and denticulated within, while, in others, it is thin and plain. I have not been able to identify N. reticulata with any of these varieties, and have not as yet seen an undoubted specimen of that species from any of the three divisions of the Crag formation.
The duration of its existence appears to have been limited to the Red Crag period,
5
34 MOLLUSCA FROM THE CRAG.
as I am not aware of its having been found elsewhere, excepting in the contempora- neous formation in Belgium. The reversed variety, Table xix, fig. 13, is from the cabinet of Mr. Gibson. It was found at Walton -on-the-Naze, by the late Rev. Mr. Rogers, of Lackford, in 1820, and is the only specimen I have ever seen. Another very short variety is in my cabinet, but much worn.
BUCCINUM,* Linn. 1767. TRITONIUM. Miiller, 1774.
Gen. Char. Shell subovate or ovato-conical, generally ventricose ; spire slightly elevated ; apex rather obtuse ; aperture large and oval, with an emarginate base ; outer lip simple, sometimes sinuated, and without denticulations ; inner lip slightly expanded, columella smooth. Operculum corneous.
The common Sue. undatum may be considered as the type of this genus, which intervenes between and connects Nassa on the one side, with Trophon on the other. The close resemblance of the animal of Trophon (Fusus) antiquum to that of the common whelk has induced some conchologists to unite them in one genus. The short and emarginate base is here considered sufficient to separate these shells from Trophon, and the large open naked aperture from Nassa.
1. BUCCINUM DALEI. /. Sow. Tab. Ill, fig. 10, a — d.
BUCCINUM DALEI. J. Sow. Min. Conch, t. 486, fig. 1, 2, 1825.
OVUM. Turt. Zool. Journ. vol. ii, p. 366, pi. 13, fig. 9, 1827. DALEI. Nyst. Coq. foss. de Belg. p. 570, 1844. CRASSUM. p. 569, t. 44, fig. 7-
DALEI. /S. Wood. Catalogue 1842. HALIA FLEMINGIANA. Macgill. Moll. Aberd. p. 189 (fide Jeffreys).
Dale. Hist, and Antiq. of Harwich, pi. 10, fig. 3, 9, J730.
£. Testa ovato-conicd, ventricosd, striatd, crassd, apice obtuso ; anfractibus con- vexiusculis, inf erne dilatatis, suturis prof undis ; aperturd ovatd ; canali brevi ; labro acuto, intus incrassato.
Shell ovato-conical, somewhat ventricose, transversely striated, thick and strong, with an obtuse apex ; volutions somewhat flattened on the upper half, dilated on the lower part ; aperture large and ovate, with a wide and short canal ; outer lip sharp and plain, thickened inwardly, and a broad expanded inner lip.
Axis, from 1 to 2^ inches.
Locality. Cor. Crag, Ramsholt and Gedgrave.
Red Crag, Walton Naze and Sutton. Recent, British Sea.
This species is exceedingly abundant at Walton-on-the-Naze, where the specimens are generally in a high state of preservation, but it is rarely found in the Coralline Crag. It is very variable in the proportionate dimensions of the aperture, some having it half the length of the axis of the shell, while in others it is two thirds, and in the young shell
* Etym. Buccinum, a trumpet, or fish with a shell like a trumpet.
GASTEROPODA. 35
it is particularly large. In some specimens the striae are very conspicuous, while in others they are somewhat indistinct ; they may, however, be traced in every specimen. The left lip extends some way over the body of the shell, and there is a prominent ridge on the edge of the columella, as pointed out by Mr. J. Sowerby in ' Min. Conch.,' corresponding in these characters with the genus Nassa, but it has a large and open aperture, with a plain and simple outer lip, which is free from denticulations. It may be considered as a rather aberrant form connecting the two genera.
Buc. ovum, Turt., has hitherto been represented and described as a perfectly smooth shell, and considered, in consequence, as a new species, distinct from B. Dalei, with which it agrees in all its other characters. Professor E. Forbes, however, has informed me that Mr. M 'Andrew has detected some faint traces of striae upon a specimen of B. ovum in his possession. It may then, I think, be fairly presumed as identical with B. Dalei of the Red Crag, and its extreme rarity be looked upon as the dying out of a species once exceedingly abundant in this country ; and in thus becoming extinct, may not its want of, or rather its faint and imperfect striae be from failure in vigour in those organs necessary for such distinction, consequent upon the approaching demise of the species ?
2. BUCCINUM UNDATUM. Linn. Tab. Ill, fig. 12, a — d. BUCCINUM UNDATUM. Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 1204, 1766.
STRIATUM (?). Penn. Brit. Zool. iv, p. 121, 1776. UNDATUM. Brown. Illust. Brit. Conch, pi. 49, fig. 8, 1827. ANGLICANUM (?). pi. 49, fig. 11.
TENERUM. J. Sow. Min. Conch, t. 486, fig. 3, 1825.
Nyst. Coq. foss. de Belg. p. 571, pi. 43, fig. 9, 1844. UNDATUM. S. Wood. Catalogue 1842. TRITONIUM UNDATUM. Loven. Ind. Moll. Scand. p. 12, 1846.
Dale. Hist, and Antiq. of Harwich, pi. 10, fig. 8, 1730.
B. Testa ovato-conicd, ventricosd, striatd, costatd, undulatd; anfractibus convexis ; aperturd ovatd, labro sinuato, canali brevissimo aperto.
Shell ovato-conical, ventricose, generally thin, with, sometimes without, undulate costae ; whorls convex ; aperture ovate, with a thickened and slightly sinuated outer lip ; base emarginate ; canal short and open.
Axis, 3 inches.
Locality. Cor. Crag, Ramsholt.
Red Crag, Butley, Newbourn, Sutton, and Walton.
Mam. Crag, Bridlington. Recent, British and North Seas.
This shell first appears in the Coralline Crag, where, however, it is by no means abundant. In the Red Crag it becomes more so ; but the greater number of the specimens, being much reduced in substance, are fragile, and difficult to obtain ; the outer coating having been in some instances entirely removed, its peculiarly striated markings are thereby obliterated. Some specimens so precisely resemble the common
36 MOLLUSCA FROM THE CRAG.
recent shell that I have no doubt of its identity. Var. #, probably B. striatum Pennant, appears to be rather of an aberrant form in this species ; the outer lip is similarly sinuated, but not periodically thickened, and the consequent absence of the undulatory elevations upon the body of the shell gives a great apparent difference to this variety. The figures above referred to are of course the extreme forms, but I think they can be fairly connected by the series I possess. The proportionate dimensions of the aperture, with regard to the axis of the shell, is a character by no means constant.
PURPURA,* Adanson, 1757. BUCCINUM (spec.) Linn.
Gen. Char. Shell ovate, thick, and strong; spire generally short, sometimes elongated ; external surface striated, sulcated, muricated, granulated, or tuberculated ; aperture ovate, somewhat dilated ; outer lip crenated, occasionally dentated within ; columella usually flattened ; base subcaniculate or emarginate. Operculum corneous, with a lateral nucleus.
Shells of this genus are generally very thick and strong, and may be distinguished from Nassa or Buccinum by a peculiar flatness upon the columella, while they resemble those genera in many other characters. The canal is short, straight, and not re- flected ; but the animal is said to present several constant characters, by which it may be considered as distinct.
It is not yet known as an Eocene fossil, though M. Deshayes speaks of it as from some beds of the Oolitic period.
1. PURPURA LAPILLUS. Linn. Tab. IV, fig. 6, a — h.
PURPURA LAPILLUS, VET. fl, CEISPATA. S. Wood. t. 4, fig. 6, «.
6, BREVIS fig. 6, b.
C, ELONGATA fig. 6, C.
d, VULGARIS fig. 6, d.
€, ANGULATA - fig. 6, e.f
f, CARINATA fig. 6,/.
g. IMBRICATA - fig. 6, g. h, INCRASSATA - fig. 6, h.
i, COMPRESSA, t. 19, fig. 12, a, b. BUCCINUM LAPILLUS. Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 1202, 1766. TRITONIUM LAPILLUS. Mull. Zool. Dan. Prod. 244, 1776. PURPURA LAPILLUS. Lam. An. sans Vert. torn, vi, 1815. BUCCINUM CRISPATUM. J. Sow. Min. Conch, t. 413, 1823.
INCRASSATUM. t. 414, fig. 2.
* Purpura, "the shell-fish from which purple is taken." The celebrated dye of the ancients is now considered to have been produced from the Murex trunculus, a shell common in the Mediterranean, and not from the Purpura lapillus, which is not known in that part of the world.
f This is from the cabinet of Mr. Lyell.
GASTEROPODA. 37
MUREX ANGULATUS. Woodward. Geol. of Norf. t. 3, fig. 23, 1833.
— ELONGATUS. - ... fig. 22. BULBIFORMIS - fig. 21.
— LAPILLIFORMIS - fig. 25.
— COMPRESSUS - fig. 26.
PURPURA LAPILLUS. Flem. Brit. An. p. 341, 1828.
Gould. Invert, of Massachusetts, p. 301, 1841.
Thorpe. Brit. Mar. Conch, p. 212, 1844.
8. Wood. Catalogue 1842.
Morris. Catal. of Brit. Foss. p. 160, 1843. MUREX INCRASSATUS. Nyst. Coq. foss. de Belg. p. 548, pi. 43, fig. 2, 1844.
Dale. Hist, and Antiq. of Harwich, tab. 10, fig. 4, 1730.
P. Testa ovatd, vel elongatd, ventricosd, crassd, transversim sulcatd, longitudinaliter imbricatd ; apice acuminato ; anfractibus 6 — 8 convexis ; aperturd ovatd ; labro acuto ; columetta planiuscula ; canali brevi. *
Shell variable, ovate, elongate, ventricose, angulose, compressed,, thick, and strong, transversely sulcated or ridged, longitudinally imbricated; whorls 6 — 8, convex; outer lip sharp, sloping inwards where it is thick and denticulated, with a broad and flattened columella ; canal short, and a small but open umbilicus.
Axis, reaching 2| inches.
Locality. Red Crag, passim.
Mam. Crag, Bramerton and Thorpe. — Recent, Britain and North America.
This is one of the most abundant fossils of the Red Crag, and may be obtained wherever a section of that formation is visible. It is exceedingly variable, and no dependence can be placed either upon proportionate dimensions or upon the angle of volution. In some specimens the aperture measures two thirds the entire length of the shell, while in others it is not more than two fifths. I have little doubt but the shells figured by Woodward, above referred to, are deformed specimens of one species produced by the same cause, to which I have assigned, in my Catalogue, the many different varieties of the Littorina littorea. Dr. Gould appears to have divided the American shells into two groups, those which are smooth and thick, as the true lapittus, and the imbricated ones, which have a rather longer canal, and were considered by Lamarck as a distinct species, under the name P. imbricata. The surface of all the specimens from the Crag, when in good condition, are covered with imbrications, which induced the author of 1 Min. Conch.' to consider it distinct ; but the recent British species is found sometimes with quite as rough a surface, and specimens in my cabinet are so precisely similar to some of the fossils that, except in colour, they could not be distinguished. The thick and ponderous variety (fig. 6 h), with rather more elevated and distinct carinae, figured and described in 'Min. Conch.' as P. incrassata, is rather an aberrant form in this species, but may be connected by a large series of specimens ; and several able conchologists, who have examined the varieties I possess, are of the same opinion, that it is only an extreme form. In the Crag seas it appears to have attained a greater magnitude than
38 MOLLUSCA FROM THE CRAG.
the generality of recent specimens, either from the British seas or from those of America, and also to have exhibited a greater range in variation ; although Dr. Gould remarks, in his very able descriptions of the Invertebrata of Massachusetts, that scarcely two specimens can be found alike on that shore, where it is abundant. It is quite a littoral species, and is found upon rocks up to high-water mark. In the Mamma- liferous Crag it is associated with estuary species. It first appears in England in the Red Crag, which seems to have been peculiarly favorable to its development ; and, as Professor E. Forbes suggests, in his ' Report upon the Geological Relations of the Existing Fauna and Flora of the British Isles,' p. 93, is probably of American origin. Mr. Lyell speaks of it as a fossil of that country, in his paper upon the Miocene Tertiary Strata of Maryland, &c.
2. PURPURA TETRAGONA. /. Sow. Tab. IV, fig. 7, a — d.
PURPURA TETRAGONA. J. Sow. Min. Conch, t. 414, fig. 1, 1823.
MUREX ALVEOLATUS. - t. 411, fig. 2, 1823.
Nyst. Coq. foss. de Belg. p. 547, pi. 43, fig. 1, 1844. PURPURA TETRAGONA. S. Wood. Catalogue 1842.
P. Testa ovato-ventricosd, vel elongatd, subfusiformi; transversim sulcatd, sulcis late profundis, decussatis ; anfractibtis superne planatis ; aperturd ovatd ; canali rectimculd ; columella subperforatd ; labro intus denticulate.
Shell ovate, ventricose, sometimes subfusiform, and elongate ; sulcated and decus- sated, forming large and deep alveoli upon the exterior ; volutions rather flattened above, subcarinated ; aperture ovate, with a short and open canal, a little inclined backwards ; columella subperforated ; outer lip dentated within.
Axis, li inch.
Locality. Red Crag, Sutton and Walton Naze.
This shell appears to have had a very limited vertical range as far as it is at present known. I have met with it only in the Red Crag, where it is exceedingly abundant, and very variable in its proportionate dimensions. Murex alveolatus, Sowerby, is, I imagine, only an elongated variety of this species, as the two may be connected by every intermediate form between the extremes figured (fig. 7, a — b\ by the suite of specimens in my own cabinet. The only difference is, a greater prolongation of the con- voluted cone, as the markings are precisely similar, and the aperture of the same form. It has four or five very elevated and rounded transverse ridges, with one, or some- times three, intermediate striae ; these are decussated by the raised and subfimbriated edge of the outer lip, thereby producing upon the exterior the deep alveoli which so greatly distinguish this shell. The left lip is thin, with the columella a little flattened ; and in the adult shell the outer lip has about half a dozen denticulations on the inside ; the flexure of the canal leaves the umbilicus partly open. Fig. 7 d is, I presume, a variety of this species, which has lost a portion of its outer coating, and is thinner, much after the manner in which the substance of the shell is reduced m the var. tenerum of Buccinum undatum.
GASTEROPODA. 39
MUREX, Linn. 1767. CHICOREUS. Montf. 1810. TRITON. Flem. 1828. PHYLLONOTUS. Swains. 1840. PTERONOTUS. ... MURICIDEA. ...
Gen. Char. Shell turreted, elongato-ovate, or fusiform ; generally ventricose, thick, and strong ; externally rugose, with three or more longitudinally branched, spinous, fringed, or reflected fimbrise, more or less elevated, foliaceous, or tuberculous ; spire prominent and acute ; aperture ovate, terminating at the base in a partly-closed canal : operculum corneous, concentrically formed and pointed.
The shells of this genus have three or more divisions of the volution, formed by an extended or fimbriated margin of the outer lip, at different periods of growth, by which means the shell is elegantly ornamented externally ; and among the recent portion of the genus are some of Nature's most beautiful productions. It differs from Ranella, which has only a bipartite division of the whorl, and in Triton the varices are more irregular, and not fimbriated. This genus is found in the Oolite, and twenty species are enumerated as belonging to the Paris basin. M. Michelotti mentions forty-four from the Subapennine beds. Only two species have as yet been found in the Crag, and those are by no means numerous in individuals.
1. MUREX ERINACEUS, Linn.
MUREX ERINACEUS. Linn. Syst. Nat. p. 1216.
Pennant. Brit. Zool. iv, t. 76, fig. 95, 1776. Brocchi. Conch, foss. Subap. p. 391, pi. 7, fig. 11, 1814. Dujardin. Mem. de la Soc. Geol. de France, 1837, p. 295. S. Wood. Catalogue 1842. TRITON ERINACEDS. Flem. Brit. An. p. 356, 1828.
M. Testa ovato-fusiformi, transversim sulcato-rugosd, quadrifariam ad septifariam varicosd ; varicibus elevatis ; aperturd ovatd ; canali clauso recurvd.
Shell subfusiform, ovate ; roughly sulcated transversely with from four to seven rather obtuse varices ; aperture ovate, with a slightly recurved canal, which is out- wardly closed in the adult state.
Locality. Mam. Crag, Bramerton. Recent, Britain.
One specimen of this species was found some years since by Mr. J. Wigham, of Norwich, and sent to Mr. Lyell, with whom I examined it, and we were both satisfied of its identity with the well-known recent shell. Upon application to the owner of the specimen for the privilege of having it figured, he informed me it had been sent to Mr. Green, of Bacton, for the purpose of publication, and unfortunately lost.
40 MOLLUSCA FROM THE CRAG.
2. MUREX TORTUOSUS. J. Sow. Tab. IV, fig. 9.
MUREX TORTUOSUS. J. Sow. Min. Conch, t. 434, fig. 2, 1823. <S. Wood. Catalogue 1842. Nyst. Coq. foss. de Belg. p. 545, pi. 41, fig. 14, 1844.
M. Testa trigond, fusiformi; transversim late sulcatd ; tribus varicibus angulosis, foliacis, ornatd ; interstitiis nodulosis ; aperturd subquadratd ; canali non clauso, elongato, rectiusculo.
Shell turreted, fusiform, trigonal, with three sharp varices in each volution, inter- mediate spaces nodulous, and with elevated transverse ridges ; aperture ovate ; canal contracted, but open.
Axis, 1| inch.
Locality. Cor. Crag. Sutton.
Red Crag, Sutton and Walton-on-the-Naze.
A rare shell in the Red Crag, but more so in the Coralline beds, in which I have met with only a few fragments. It differs from M. erinaceus in having three elevated, sharp, reflected, rather tortuous, and slightly fimbriated varices, in one volution. Upon the spire, or in its young state, these are not so distinct ; they are then numerous, sharp, and elevated : as it grows older, the intermediate ones dwindle into obtuse knobs, which are seen between the varices. It is rugosely striated transversely or along the volutions, with four or five elevated ridges, the upper one of which is the most prominent, giving an angular form to the volution ; it has fine striae between the ridges, which are seen only in those specimens that are well preserved. Traces of obtuse denti- culations within the outer lip may be seen in some specimens.
TRITON,* Montf. 1810. TRITONIUM. Cuv. Phil.
Gen. Char. Shell ovate or fusiform, thick and strong, carinated, striated, or tuber- culated ; with discontinuous varices placed at irregular distances ; spire more or less elevated, with a rather obtuse apex ; aperture subcircular, or ovate, terminating in a generally elongated, and slightly curved, or raised canal ; columella lip granulated or plicated ; outer lip thickened and reflected, often dentated within ; and in a living state it has a corneous operculum.
This genus appears to be intermediate between Murex and Ranella, the former of which has three or more imbricated varices in each volution, while in the latter there are only two, which are regular and obtuse. In this genus they are obtuse and irregular ; sometimes with only a thickened margin to the aperture, formed when the shell has attained its full dimensions. Most of the recent species of this genus are natives of tropical regions, though several are found living in the Mediterranean. It first appears in the Eocene period, and has greatly increased in number of species in the recent state.
* Etyra. Triton, one of the sea deities.
GASTEROPODA. 41
1. TRITON HEPTAGONUM. Broc. Tab. IV, fig, 8.
MUKEX HEPTAGONUS. Brocchi. Conch, foss. Subapenn. vol. ii, p. 404, t. 9, fig. 2, a— b, 1815. T. Testa turritd, ovato-conicd subfusiformi; apice obtuso, anfractibus angulatis, pris- maticis, superne tumidis prope suturam depressis, plano-canaliculatis ; sulcis transversis crenatis ; varice solitaria marginali; aperturd ovatd ; labro intus dentato; canaliaperto vice recurvo. s
Shell turreted, subfusiform, with an obtuse apex ; volutions obtusely angulated ; the upper part tumid and convex, with a flattened depression round the whorl near the suture ; transversely ridged or sulcated, with distant longitudinal elevations ; aperture ovate, and a thickened varix ; outer lip denticulated within; a narrow but open canal of moderate length, slightly recurved. Axis, 1? ; transverse diameter, \\ inch. Locality. Cor. Crag, Gedgrave.
A single specimen of this beautiful shell is all I have as yet seen. It graces the cabinet of Stephen Perry, Esq., of Rushmere, who has kindly intrusted me with it for illustration.
It differs slightly from the figure by Brocchi in having a shorter canal, and a less number of ridges, and the outer lip is less angular than in the Italian spe- cimen, but these differences are probably only local, and I have no doubt of its identity. The volutions are slightly prismatic, with about seven faces. There are two varices in this specimen, but it is probably an overgrown individual, and the last half volution an effort of growth beyond its usual size ; the edges project beyond the margin of the aperture, giving the varix a slightly fimbriated character, and the figure thus represents it, but these hollow fimbriae are produced by erosion or decomposition of the shell at that part. It has a small tooth-like projection upon the body whorl at the upper part of the aperture, forming there a shallow canal, and a few folds upon the lower part of the columella, which are probably only the elevated ridges of the exterior imperfectly covered by the left lip.
PYRULA,* Lam. 1801. SYCOTYPUS. Brown. 1756 (fide J. E. Gray). FICULA. Swainson. 1840.
Gen. Char. Shell thin, subovate, ventricose, fig, or pear-shaped, generally striated or cancellated upon the exterior ; spire short and depressed, consisting of few volu- tions ; aperture large and wide, terminating in a long, narrow, open canal ; columella smooth, slightly tortuous ; outer lip sharp ; inner lip very thin and expanded.
This genus still contains a large number of shells not possessing the above charac- ters, being thick and heavy, with a polished and sometimes a nodose exterior. Swainson has justly separated these, and proposed the name of Ficula for the section we are now considering, and Lamarck intended those species that are known in commerce by
* Etym. The diminutive of Pyrum, a pear.
42 MOLLUSCA FROM THE CRAG.
the name of Figs as the type of his genus Pyrula. Mr. G. B. Sowerby, in his Genera of Recent and Fossil Shells, had also previously excluded all others from this genus, for which he retained the name of Pyrula ; and although the dissimilar shells still united with these must hereafter be separated, the name of Pyrula ought to be retained for this section. The recent species of this genus, or section, are found only within the tropics.
1. PYRULA RETICULATA. Lam. Tab. II, fig. 12.
BULLA FICUS, var. 1. Broc. Conch, foss. Subap. p. 2/9, 1814.
PYRULA RETICULATA. Dujard. Me"m. de la Soc. Geol. de France, Ency. Meth. pi. 432, fig. 2.
Lam. An. sans. Vert. 2d edit. t. ix, p. 510.
S. Wood. Catalogue, An. and Mag. Nat. Hist. 1842, p. 543, pi. 5, fig. 17.
G. Sowerby. Genera of Shells, fig. 1.
Phil. En. Moll. Sic. vol. ii, p. 180, 1844.
P. Testa Jicoided, pyriformi, ventricosd, tenui, cancellatd ; spird brevissimd, convexd, retusd; anfractibm circa quatuor inflatis ; aperturd ampld, ovatd • canali angustatd ; labro acuto.
Shell thin, ventricose, pear or fig-shaped ; spire short and convex ; volutions about four, cancellated, transverse striae the more elevated ; aperture large, subovate ; with an elongated caudal termination ; outer lip sharp.
Axis, 3 inches.
Locality. Cor. Crag, Ramsholt. Recent, Indian Ocean.
My cabinet contains only two specimens of this shell, which appear to differ in some slight degree from the Oriental species. The upper part of the outer lip is more elevated, the whole shell is not quite so slender, and the transverse ridges are rather broader and flatter. The specimen figured does not represent the canal so elongated as it is in the recent specimens, but a portion of it is broken away; the lines of growth indicate a similar length.
If this be Pyrula reticulata of Lamarck, which I presume it is, its retirement or migration to the southward and eastward might have been through the seas that deposited the Touraine beds, whence, in all probability, it originally came, and had an extension of existence through the more modern (?) deposits of Calabria, in which it is found fossil, as quoted by Philippi. Conceiving a communication to have then existed between the Mediterranean and the Arabian Gulf, a further extension to its present habitat might have taken place through the channel now so effectually closed by the Isthmus of Suez.
The presence of this species in a latitude so high as that of England has been accounted for upon the supposition that the temperature of the sea by which the Coralline Crag was deposited was more favorable to its existence than the seas of the same latitude are at the present day ; but a very elevated temperature does not appear to have been essential to its existence, if we may judge from its associates, Tricotropis borealis, Nucula pygmcea, &c., which are now found only on our own northern coasts, and in the Arctic Seas. The supposition that those northern forms at that time
GASTEROPODA. 43
inhabited a deep-water portion of the Crag sea, is equivalent to a diminished temperature ; while this tropical representative must have frequented a shallower portion, having a more elevated temperature, that is, if the law be admitted that lines of depth are equi- valent to zones of latitude, or isothermal lines. This theory will not satisfactorily explain how these arctic and torrid representatives are quietly reposing together in the Crag beds without the intervention of disturbing causes, of which there are cer- tainly no indications in the locality from which they were obtained. Whatever may have been the temperature of the Coralline Crag sea, — and I think it may have been rather more elevated than that of our present seas, — it is evident that these animals have now retired or migrated into those parts of the world, the one north and the other south, where the temperature of both is very different from that which must have been favorable to their existence at the period spoken of, and they have, therefore, in some degree changed their nature in assimilating such extremes to their present existence. Their mode of dispersion was, it is presumed, by means of currents, which perhaps had at that period a northerly direction, thus dispersing those species which are now considered as arctic forms, while the torrid representatives might have died out where they are now found, and their dispersion to the southward may have been by southerly currents from the contemporaneous seas, producing the Touraine beds. Conclusions regarding the temperature of the sea during the period the Crag was deposited have been drawn from the presence of such animals as Pyrula, Pholadomya, &c., and an elevation considerably above that of the British seas of the present day has been assigned to it at that period in consequence, while I believe the change only to have taken place in the animals themselves; and this might arise from their acquiring habits of enduring increased or diminished temperature by gradual migration, until extended location had caused them to reach such extremes as would have been fatal to their existence had their removal been suddenly effected.
TROPHON,* De Montf . 1810.
Fusus (spec.) Bruguiere. TRITONIDM. Mailer. 1773. ATRACTUS. Agassis. 1840.
Gen. Char. Shell fusiform and turreted, sometimes ventricose, with many rounded volutions, costated, rarely smooth, often striated ; aperture terminating in a moderately elongated canal ; outer lip simple ; columella smooth ; operculum corneous.
As the name of Fusus may be more correctly reserved for those species of which Murex porrectus, Brand., would form the type, I have used the above, proposed by De Montf ort, 1810, and adopted by Moller, 1842, in preference to Tritonium, Miiller, 1773 ; the latter being objectionable, on account of two names of similar import being extensively known as generic terms in the same class, namely, Tritonia and Triton.
* Etym. ?
44 MOLLUSCA FROM THE CRAG.
Shells with an elongated canal, which properly constitute the genus Fusus, are characteristic of a tropical climate. The greater part of the species of this genus from the Crag are northern forms.
1. TROPHON ANTIQUUM. Mutt. Tab. V, fig. 1, a — k.
TEITONIUM ANTIQUUM. Mull. Zool. Dan. tab. 118, fig. 1-3, 1773. MUREX CONTRARIUS. Gmel. Syst. p. 3564, 1788. Fusus ANTiauus. Ency. Meth. pi. 426, fig. 5.
— DESPECTUS (?). pi. 426, fig. 4.
CONTRARIUS pi. 437, fig- 1, « 6.
MUREX DESPECTUS. Mont. Test. Brit. p. 256, 1803.
— ANTiauus (?). - - p. 257.
— STRIATUS. /. Sow. Min. Conch, t. 119, 1815.
— var. CARINATUS. - t. 22, 1813.
— CONTRARIUS. - t. 23.
BUCCINUM CONTRARIUM. G. Sow. Genera, fig. 4.
Fusus CONTRARIUS. Phil. En. Moll. Sic. vol. ii, p. 179, 1844.
Nyst. Coq. foss. de Belg. p. 500, pi. 41, fig. 1.
— ANTiauus. Lam. An. sans Vert. (2d edit.) ix, p. 477, 1845.
— CARINATUS - p. 449.
CONTRARIUS - p. 462.
SINISTRORSUS (?). - p. 374.
TRITONIUM ANTiauuM. Loven. Ind. Moll. Scand. p. 11, 1846.
Dale. Hist, of Harwich, pi. 10, fig. 5-6, 1730.
Tr. Testa crassd, turritd, fusiformi, suhatd, carinatd, vel tenuissime striatd ; apice papittiformi, anfractibus valde convexis, tumidis ; aperturd ovatd ; labro simplici, intus Icevigato ; canali brevi, emarginatd.
Shell variable, strong, thick, ponderous, fusiform, turreted, sulcated, bicarinated, or finely striated, with a white, naked, and mammillated apex ; whorls convex, tumid ; aperture ovate ; lip simple, smooth within ; canal short.
Axis, 6 inches.
Locality. Red Crag, passim.
Mam. Crag, Bramerton and Bridlington. Recent, Britain.
I have very little doubt of the shell found so abundantly in the Red Crag, with its sinistral volutions, being a variety of the common Tr. antiquum. This species is exceed- ingly variable, and no dependence can be placed upon any proportional dimensions of its aperture, as may be seen from the extremes of variation figured in Tab. v, and between which every intermediate form may be procured. Some specimens have an aperture exceeding two thirds of the axis, while in others it is not more than one third. The smooth and obtuse state of the young shell, at the apex of perfect specimens, is a good distinguishing character in this species ; but in the greater number of the fossil speci- mens that part is destroyed, excepting in the striated variety, so common at Walton- on-the-Naze. The Belgian shell, figured by M. Nyst, is an extreme variety of this species. I have never seen the canal so much produced in the English specimens ;
GASTEROPODA. 45
and that author speaks of his shell as pointed at the apex : " Sa spire allongee et pointue au sommet se compose de sept tours tres convexes, ordinairement lisses dans les individus fossiles de 1'Angleterre." None of my specimens have that character, and, in fact, I have not any specimen that is quite smooth, although many are much rubbed and eroded ; traces of striae may be detected in all that are in my cabinet. Although specimens of the dextral variety, precisely similar in sculpture to that of the recent shell, are not uncommon in the Red Crag, and it may be worthy of remark, that the general character of this variety is a bicarinated or tricarinated form, while the sinistral one is very rarely so, but resembles the finer striae of the recent shell. This, as it is well known, is one of the most abundant shells in the Red Crag, and at least one of its varieties may be found wherever a section of that formation is visible ; a good series may therefore be supposed in the hands of every collector. Prof. E. Forbes, in his ' Report upon the Geological Relations of the Existing Fauna and Flora of the British Isles,' has separated these varieties, and considers the carinated one as a distinct species. I am not well acquainted with the recent shell in all its variations, but I believe the Crag varieties, above described, to belong to one species. My cabinet contains every possible form of striation, graduating from the carinated ones unto those possessing the finest striae ; but I have not yet seen a Crag specimen with undulations. The extension of variation here given to this species is not more, or even so much, as is allowed by several eminent conchologists, who admit the probability of the Purpura incrassata being a variety of the P. lapillus.
M. Philippi (En. Moll. Sic. p. 179) enumerates this species among the Sicilian fossils, which is in all probability identical with the shell now found living in the Mediterranean. This is considered a distinct species by M. Deshayes, and named by him Fusus sinistrorsus. On a comparison I have made with some recent specimens in the British Museum, and also with a fossil specimen from Palermo, in the Museum of the Geological Society, I could not detect any character by which it might be con- sidered specifically distinct. The sculpture is different from the recent British specimens ; but, as far as the shell alone can determine the species, it does not differ from some of the Crag specimens, and they can be connected with the other varieties.
Prof. E. Forbes, in his Report above alluded to, speaks of the dextral variety of this species as its normal condition ; I am rather inclined to think otherwise, and that the sinistral variety was the original form of volution, and not a monstrosity ; and that it has died out in the northern seas, and been replaced by the dextral form, while the sinistral one has retired to the southward. The left-handed specimens, now occasion- ally found in the British seas, may possibly be a remnant of this race ; but I am more inclined to believe that they are merely monstrosities of the dextral variety, such as are sometimes found among other species, and are probably produced by an inversion of some of the important viscera
The carinated variety (f. 1 k] of T. contrarius is figured from a specimen belonging to Mr. Bean ; it was found in the Mammaliferous Crag of Bridlington.
46 MOLLUSCA FROM THE CRAG.
2. TROPHON ELEGANS. Charlesworth. Tab. VI, fig. 2.
ATRACTODON ELEGANS. Charlesworth. Mag. Nat. Hist. New Series, 1837, p. 219, fig. 23. Fusus(?) ELEGANS. 5. Wood. Catalogue 1842.
Tr. Testa crassd, ovato-fusiformi ; apice obtuso, transversim striatd, seu sulcatd ; an- fraciibus sex convexis ; suturis distinctis ; aperturd ovatd ; labro simplici, intus l&vigato ; labio superne crasso dente munito ; canali brevi, recurvd.
Shell thick and strong, ovato-fusiform, regularly and rather coarsely striated transversely ; whorls six, convex, with a distinct suture ; aperture ovate ; outer lip plain and simple ; inner lip with a tooth or callosity at the upper part, upon the body whorl.
Axis, 3 inches.
Locality. ?
The shell from which the above figure is taken graces the cabinet of Mr. Robert Fitch, of Norwich, and is, I believe, an unique specimen. In its general outline, and in the form of the aperture, it appears to belong to this genus, and probably is not far removed from Tr. antiquum. It is covered with regular striae, which become coarser towards the base of the shell. The specimen has been a good deal rubbed, especially about the apex, which is now very obtuse ; and a part of the outer lip is broken away, as well as a portion of the canal, so that the lines of growth indicate a greater length than is now represented ; the outer lip is very slightly sinuated, like that of Tr. antiquum. The callosity at the upper part of the left lip is similar to that observable in many shells of the Buccinoid family, where a thickening of the left lip, near the upper angle of the aperture, forms a sinus for the exit of the water, after having aerated the branchiae, and the canal there is more effectually formed for that purpose.
This shell was found on the beach at Felixton. It is highly tinged with the oxide of iron, and is probably from the Red Crag.
3. TROPHON GRACILE. Da Costa. Tab. VI, fig. 10, a — c.
BUCCINUM GRACILE. Da Costa. Brit. Conch, t. 6, fig. 5, 1778. MUREX ISLANDICUS. Gmel. Syst. p. 3555, 1788.
Ckemn. vol. iv, t. 141, fig. 1312, 13. MUREX CORNEUS. Don. Brit. Shells, pi. 38.
Mont. Test. Brit. p. 158, 1803. Fusus CORNEUS. J. Sow. Min. Conch, t. 35.
Nyst. Coq. foss. de Belg. pi. 39, fig. 23, 1844. Fusus ISLANDICUS. Lam. An. sans Vert. 2d edit. t. ix, p. 450.
Gould. Inv. of Massach. p. 284, 1840. Fusus ANGUSTIUS. S. Wood. Catalogue 1842. TRITONIUM GRACILE. LovSn. Ind. Moll. Scand. p. 11, 1846. BUCCINUM ANGUSTIUS. List. Conch, t. 913, fig. 5, 1685.
Dale. Hist, of Harwich, pi. 10, fig. 7, 1730.
Tr. Testa turritd, elongato-fusiformi ; anfractibus convexis, transversim striatis ; aper- turd ovatd; labro tenui) intus laevigato ; canali elongatd recurvd.
GASTEROPODA. 47
Shell elongate-fusiform ; turreted, with an obtuse apex; whorls 7 — 8, convex, striated along the volutions ; outer lip sharp, slightly sinuous ; aperture ovate, terminating in an elongated and curved canal.
Axis, 2 5 inches.
Locality. Cor. Crag, Gedgrave. Red Crag, passim. Mam. Crag, Bridlington. Recent, British Seas.
Abundant in the Red Crag ; and I have recently obtained two specimens from the Coralline beds. The latter present a slight difference in sculpture from the recent specimens, having the striae, or ridges, which cover the exterior of the shell, flatter and broader, with narrow sulci between them. In the recent shell the striae are narrow, sharp, and elevated, with broad spaces intervening. Among a large series from the Red Crag these markings may be observed to vary ; they are generally flat and broad, but in some they are sharp and narrow. In many specimens the shell is left nearly smooth, with a deep depression at the suture, which is the principal difference between the fossil and the recent shell, and is probably produced by alteration or loss of a por- tion of the shell, as, in some instances, the volutions appear nearly separated. The apex is obtuse and smooth, but can scarcely be said to be mammillated, and the canal is generally a good deal twisted. Some specimens are short and tumid, with a diameter three sevenths of the axis, while others are elongated, with a diameter only one third. The same proportionate variations may be observed in the recent shell.
A specimen, sent from Mr. Bean, with a label " F. Listen, Crag, Bridlington," appears to me only a variety of this species.
4. TROPHON ALTUM. S. Wood. Tab. VI, fig. 13, a— b.
Fusus A.LTUS. S. Wood. Catalogue 1842.
MUREX PULLUS (?). Woodward. Geol. of Norf. t. 3, fig. 27, 1833.
Tr. Testa turritd, altd, subulatd, tenui ; anfractibus 7 — 8, convexis, longitudmaliter obsolete costatis, et transversim striatis ; aperturd ovatd ; Idbro tenui, intus lavigato; canali brevi vix recurvd.
Shell fusiform and turreted ; very thin, with an obtuse apex ; volutions 7 — 8, convex, with obsolete longitudinal costae, and the remains of transverse striae ; aperture ovate, terminating in an open and short canal, slightly inflected ; outer lip faintly sinuated.
Axis, nearly 2 inches.
Locality. Red Crag, Butley, near Orford.
About a dozen specimens were found by myself many years since at a locality where a section of the Crag is not at present visible. The specimens are evidently in an altered condition, like the attenuated specimens of Buc. undatum, var. tenerum, many of which were found with them at the same time. The cause which reduced the sub- stance of the one no doubt acted in the same way upon the other. The canal is shorter and more open than in T. yracile, and it is a little imbricated behind the left
48 MOLLUSCA FROM THE CRAG.
lip by the reflected portions of the canal, like Sue. undatum ; there were evidently lon- gitudinal costse upon the shell, vestiges of which are remaining upon some specimens on the upper volutions ; and traces of transverse striae may occasionally be seen, but the shells are nearly smooth. It appears to be intermediate in form between Strombus Norvegicus, Chemn., and Buc. fusiforme, Brod. (Zool. Jour., 1829, t. 3, f. 3), and it may be said somewhat to resemble F. Koninckii, Nyst (pi. 40, f. 4), but that shell has a smaller and narrower canal, and a more acuminated apex. Should this species hereafter prove to be the same as Woodward's shell, my name must of course be given up.
5. TROPHON SCALARIFORME. Gould. Tab. VI, fig. 7, a — c.
Fusus SCALARIFORMIS. Gould. Rep. upon the Invert, of Massachus. p. 288, fig. 203, 1841. MUREX BAMFIUS (?). Don. Brit. Shells, pi. 169, fig. 1, 1799.
— PERUVIANUS. J. Sow. Min. Conch, t. 434, fig. 1, 1823. Fusus LAMELLOSUS. Gray. Zool. of Beechey's Voy. pi. 36, fig. 13. TRITONIUM CLATHRATUM. Loven. Ind. Moll. Scand. p. 12, 1846. Fusus SCALARIFORMIS. S. Wood. Catalogue 1842.
Tr. Testa fusiformi, ventricosd, costettatd ; utrinque attenuatd costis 15 — 20, sub- lamellosis; anfractibus conveccis, l&vigatis (?), aperturd ovatd; canali elongatd recurvd.
Shell fusiform and ventricose, attenuated at both extremities ; volutions convex, smooth (?), suture deep ; longitudinally costated, costae or varices from 15 — 20, sub- lamellated, aperture with an elongated and recurved canal.
Axis, U inch.
Locality. Red Crag, Sutton and Bawdsey.
Mam. Crag, Bridlington. Recent, North Seas and Massachusetts Bay.
This species is not very abundant in the Red Crag. It appears to correspond precisely with the shell brought from the North Seas, and it is identical with that found in the beds of the Clyde. The young of this species appears to differ from Murex Bamjius, Mont., in having a less number of reflected costae, as well as in its projecting processes. I have not seen the form of the true Bamjius, from the Crag. M. Loven has united the two species in his Synopsis, under the name of clathratum (Murex clathratus, Linn.). Our specimens from the Crag have been more or less rubbed, so that the transverse striae, if they ever possessed them, are no longer visible. Among Mr. Bean's specimens from Bridlington, there is one with the name of Bamfus attached to it, but it appears to me to be only the young of this species.
The shell named Fusus scalariformis, figured by Nyst (pi. 40, fig. 5), is a different species.
6. TROPHON COSTIFERUM. S. Wood. Tab. VI, fig. 9, a — b.
Fusus RUGOSUS. J. Sow. Min. Conch, t. 34, 39, 199. 1817. MUREX RUGOSUS. Parkinson. Org. Rem. vol. iii, t. 5, fig. 16, 1811. Fusus COSTATUS. J. Sow. Min. Conch. Syst. Ind. 1835. — S. Wood. Catalogue 1842.
GASTEROPODA. 49
Tr. Testa elongatd, fusiformi, crassd ; anfractibus septem, convexis ; suturis profundis ; longitudinaliter costatis, cos f is 10 — 14 obtusis, transversim striatis ; aperturd ovatd ; labro intus incrassato, Icevigato ; canali brevi subrecurvd.
Shell elongate-fusiform, thick, and strong, with seven convex volutions ; longitudi- nally costated, with 10 — 14 obtuse costse ; transversely striated; aperture ovate; outer lip thickened, without denticulations ; canal short, slightly recurved.
Axis, 2 inches.
Locality. Cor. Crag, Gedgrave.
Red Crag, Walton Naze, Sutton.
This is a very rare species in the Coralline beds, but abundant in the Red Crag, more especially at Walton, where it is found in good preservation. Var. b has about thirteen costse on the last volution. It has fewer in its young state, and seldom has them in a continued line. In var. a, the costae do not appear upon the body whorl ; the apex tapers to a fine point, and is smooth. The name costatus being preoccupied, I have proposed the above in the place of it.
7. TROPHON-ALVEOLATUM. /. Sow. Tab. VI, fig. 8, a — b.
Fusus ALVEOLATUS. J. Sow. Min. Conch, t. 525, 1826. S. Wood. Catalogue 1842. Nyst. Coq. foss. de Belg. pi. 39, fig. 21, 1844.
Tr. Testa turritd, elongatd, subulatd, fusiformi ; anfractibus convexis, superne suban- gulatis; longitudinaliter costettatis, alveolatis ; costettis transversis tuberculosis; aperturd subovatd ; canali breviusculd, subrectd.
Shell turreted, elongate, fusiform; volutions convex, with two elevated, transverse, tubercular ridges ; upper part of volution subangulated ; longitudinally costellated, decussated, and alveolated ; aperture ovate, with a moderate-sized and nearly straight canal.
Axis, If inch.
Locality. Cor. Crag, Gedgrave.
Red Crag, Sutton and Brightwell.
This species was, until lately, rare, but numerous specimens have been recently obtained from a newly-opened part of the Coralline Crag at Gedgrave. There are four transverse ridges upon the body of the shell, the upper one of which is the largest, giving a subcarinated form to the volution ; the two lower ridges are covered by the succeeding whorl, leaving only two visible upon the spire. The left lip is very thin in all my specimens, and not so distinct as it is represented in the Belgian shell.
8. TROPHON CONSOCIALE. S. Wood. Tab. VI, fig. 11, a — b.
Tr. Testa conico-turriculatd, fusiformi, spird elevatd ; anfractibus septem convexis, tumidis, subcarinatis, decussatis, superne planatis ; costis transversis tuberculosis; aperturd ovatd; columelld recurvd ; canali breviusculd.
7
50 MOLLUSCA FROM THE CRAG.
Shell turreted and fusiform, with an elevated conical spire ; volutions seven, convex, tumid, covered with four or five elevated and tuberculated transverse ridges ; longi- tudinally decussated, aperture ovate ; canal moderate in size, and open.
Axis, If inch.
Locality. Cor. Crag. Ramsholt and Gedgrave. Red Crag. Sutton and Newbourne.
This shell has been separated from the preceding species for the following reasons : the volutions are more tumid, and it has three transverse ridges upon the whorls of the spire, while in Tr. alveolatum there are but two, and the canal in the latter is more recurved. Numerous specimens of this and of the preceding species have been obtained within the last few years from Gedgrave, all of which appear to preserve the distinctions I have described without any intermediate or connecting forms.
9. TROPHON IMPERSPICUUM. S. Wood. Tab. VI, fig. 12.
Tr. Testa elongato-fmiformi, angustd, turritd; spird elevatd ; an fractions octo, converts ; suturisprofundis, longitudinaliter costulatis, striis transversis decussatis ; ultimo anfractu obsolete costato ; aperturd ovatd ; canali elongatd, subrectd.
Shell elongate, fusiform, turreted, and subulate, with an elevated spire, and acumi- nated apex ; volutions eight, longitudinally costellated ; costae small and numerous, obsolete upon the body whorl, coarsely striated transversely ; aperture ovate, with an elongate, open, and nearly straight canal.
Axis, 1 j inch.
Locality. Cor. Crag, Sudbourn.
I have as yet obtained but one specimen of this elegant shell, which somewhat resembles Fusus DesJtayesii, Nyst (Coq. foss. de Belg. p. 502, pi. 40, fig. 3) ; but it appears to differ specifically in being more elongate, and in having a greater number of costse. The outer lip is a little broken, but in other respects the specimen is in very good condition. The species must, however, be considered doubtful, and the present name only as provisional, until more and better specimens be obtained.
10. TROPHON MURICATUM. Mont. Tab. VI, fig. 5.
MUBEX MURICATUS. Mont. Test. Brit. p. 262, pi. 9, fig. 2, 1803. Fusus ECHINATUS. J. Sow. Min. Conch, t. 199, fig. 4, 1820.
Phil. En. Moll. Sic. vol. i, p. 206, t. 11, fig. 10, 1836. Fusus MURICATUS. Thorpe. Brit. Mar. Conch, p. 206, fig. 97, 1844.
Tr. Testa turritd, muricatd, fusiformi; artfractibus sex, convexis ; longitudinaliter costellatis, transversim striatis, decussatis, subimbricatis ; aperturd ovatd, labro intus denticulato ; canali brevi recurvd.
Shell fusiform, turreted, and echinated ; whorls six, convex, with deep suture, longitudinally costated, and coarsely striated transversely; aperture ovate, with a short and recurved canal ; outer lip dentated within.
GASTEROPODA. 51
Axis, | of an inch.
Locality. Cor. Crag, Sutton.
Red Crag, Walton-on-the-Naze. Recent, Britain.
An abundant shell in the Red Crag. When I compiled my Catalogue it was considered as distinct from the recent species of Montague, in consequence of its having the canal shorter and more recurved. I have, however, since seen recent specimens, corresponding in that character with our shell, in the cabinet of Mr. Hanley. and in all other respects it perfectly resembles the recent form.
11. TROPHON GRACILIUS. S. Wood. Tab. VI, fig. 14.
Fusus GKACILIOE. S. Wood. Catalogue 1842.
Tr. Testa elongato-fmiformi, gracili, fragili ; spird elevatd, subulatd; lineis elevatis transversis cinctd ; longitudinaliter obsolete costatd ; anfractibus guinque, convexis ; aperturd angustatd ; canali longiusculd.
Shell elongato-fusiform, slender, and fragile, with an elevated and tapering spire ; volutions five, convex ; obsoletely costated longitudinally, with elevated transverse striae ; aperture elongate ; canal wide, and slightly recurved.
Axis, | of an inch.
Locality. Cor. Crag, Sutton.
But a few specimens of this species have come into my possession, and those, unfortunately, are not in very good condition ; it may be considered, therefore, at present a doubtful species. Traces of costae are visible only on the spire, while the body whorl appears to be without them. It is a more slender shell than Tr. imper- spicuum (fig. 12), with fewer costae, and the volutions more rounded; while the trans- verse striae are fewer and more prominent. It has been figured more particularly for the purpose of calling the attention of collectors to its elegant form.
12. TROPHON PAULULUM. S. Wood. Tab. VI, fig. 6.
Fusus PAULULUS. S. Wood. Catalogue 1842.
Tr. Testd pusittd fusiformi ; apice acuto ; anfractibus quinque convexis, ultimo cingulis tribus elevatis ornatd ; inter stitiis cancettatis ; aperturd ovatd ; canali longiusculd.
Shell very minute and fusiform; spire elevated, and apex acute; whorls convex; the last one covered with three elevated transverse ridges, and having the intervening spaces finely cancellated ; aperture ovate, with a canal moderately elongated and open.
Axis, \ of an inch.
Locality. Cor. Crag, Sutton.
I have but one specimen of this pretty little shell, which may possibly be the fry of some larger species, though I have not any that show such markings upon the upper volutions. The upper whorls are worn smooth, and it is only on the body of the shell that this cancellated ornament can be seen. It resembles in shape a small
52 MOLLUSCA FROM THE CRAG.
shell, figured by Lea (Contributions to Geology, pi. 5, f. 155), but that shell does not appear to be ornamented like our species. The cancellated exterior is scarcely shown enough in the engraving.
Fusus,* Lam. 1801. Fusus INTORTUS (?). Lam.
S. Wood. Catalogue 1842.
A worn and mutilated specimen of a shell which bears a great resemblance to the above Eocene species. It has been for some years in my cabinet, and was found by myself in the Red Crag of Button. It is possible that it may be a London clay specimen washed out of that formation.
Fusus PORRECTUS (?), Grander. Fusus PORRECTUS. <S. Wood. Catalogue 1842. MUREX PORRECTUS. Grander. Foss. Hant. pi. 2, fig. 36.
A mutilated specimen also of what appears to be the well-known Barton species. It was found by myself in the Red Crag of Button, but it is not in a condition to be fairly identified. This shell and F. intortus are deeply stained with the ferruginous tinge of the Red Crag, and were probably both introduced into this formation from the London clay.
PLEUROTOMA,f Lam. 1801. TURRICULA. Schum, 1817. TOMELLA. Sw. 1840.
Gen. Char. Shell fusiform and turriculate, often thick and strong, generally sulcated or striated transversely ; rarely smooth, sometimes nodose or tuberculated, with an ovate aperture, terminating inferiorly in a canal more or less elongated ; outer lip sharp and thin, furnished with a slit or sinus below the suture ; columella smooth, nearly straight, and in the recent state it has an acuminated operculum, with the nucleus at the sharper and lower extremity.
This genus comprises a large number of species, the greater part of which are natives of tropical or subtropical regions. None in which the sinus is immediately in the side have hitherto been found in a living state in a latitude so high as that of the British Channel. To this character it is here intended to restrict the genus. In the Eocene formations this genus is exceedingly abundant, both in species and in individuals, as if the climatal conditions of the seas of that period were more immediately favorable to its development.
* Etym. Fusus, a spindle.
t Etym. Tl\evpa, the side, and Topfi, an incision.
GASTEROPODA. 53
1. PLEUROTOMA INTORTA. Broc. Tab. VI, fig. 4, a, b.
MUREX INTORTUS. Broc. Coq. foss. Subapenn. p. 427, t. 8, fig. 17, 1814. PLEUROTOMA INTORTA. Grat. Tab. Coq. foss. Env. de Dax, p. 323, 1838.
5. Wood. Catalogue 1842.
Morris. Catal. of Brit. Foss. p. 157, 1843.
Nyst. Coq. foss. de Belg. p. 509, pi. 41, fig. 2, 1844.
PL Testa elongatd, turritd, subfusiformi ; longitudinaliter costatd; transversim striatd vel sulcatd ; anfractibus superne excavatis ; carind nodosd; aperturd ovato-angustd ; labro in/erne iricrassato; canali brevissimd.
Shell elongato-fusiform, turreted, longitudinally costated, and transversely sul- cated ; volutions carinated and nodulous, concave on the upper part ; aperture elon- gato-ovate, with a very short canal ; outer lip thickened below.
Axis, 2 j inches.
Locality. Red Crag, Butley and Sutton.
I have but two specimens of this species, one of which was found by my friend the late Rev. G. R. Leathes. Both specimens are somewhat rubbed, but sufficiently perfect to be identified with Brocchi's figure and the Belgian shell. The apex is much worn, so that the number of volutions cannot be correctly ascertained. The sinus appears to have been a little below the angle or keel of the volution ; and longitudinal lines, or lines of growth, are slightly visible.
2. PLEUROTOMA TURRICULA. Broc. Tab. VI, fig. 1, a — b.
MUKEX TURRICULA. Brocchi. p. 435, t. 9, fig. 20, 1815. PLEUROTOMA TURRICULA. Bronn. Ital. tert. geb. p. 46, 1831.
Philip. En. Moll. Sic. p. 199, 1836.
Nyst. Coq. foss. de Belg. p. 520, pi. 41, fig. 5, 1844.
PL Testa elongato-fusiformi ; anfractibus subcarinatis ; cingulis transversalibus tribus remotis, elevatis, obtusis, interdum subcrenulatis ; interstitiis transversim et longitudinaliter tenuissime striatis ; aperturd oblongd, canali angustd rectiusculd.
Shell elongato-fusiform, whorls subcarinated, with three remote, elevated, and obtuse, transverse bands, which are sometimes subcrenulated ; finely striated trans- versely ; lines of growth visible ; aperture elongated, canal produced.
Axis, 1^ inch.
Locality. Red Crag, Sutton and Bawdsey.
This is also a rare species. My cabinet contains about a dozen specimens, but none in very good condition. I have in consequence been obliged to borrow parts of the description of the shell from M. Nyst, the subcrenulations and fine striae not being visible in my specimens, although, from their form and general character, I have no doubt of the identity. The sinus is exactly at the angular part of the volution, above which point it is rather concave, with an elevated band near the suture. The longitudinal
54 MOLLUSCA FROM THE CRAG.
striae I presume are the fine lines of growth, more especially visible where the shell has lost part of its outer coating. I have figured two individuals, both of which are rubbed and worn.
3. PLEUROTOMA CARINATA. Biv. Tab. VI, fig. 2, a, b.
PLEUROTOMA CARINATUM. Bivonce in Philip. Enum. Moll. Sic. vol. ii, p. 1/6, t. 26, fig. 19, 1844.
PI. Testa fusiformi, turritd ; anfractibus septem, Itevissimis, subangulatis, carinatis, superne concavis, infra convexis ; aperturd ovatd ; canali elongatd ; labro acuto.
Shell turriculate and fusiform ; volutions smooth, with a prominent keel about the middle, concave above the keel, convex below it ; aperture ovate ; canal elongated, and rather broad.
Axis, f of an inch.
Locality. Cor. Crag, Gedgrave. Red Crag, Sutton.
I have but one specimen from each formation. These shells have about eight volutions, with the keel a little above the centre of the whorl. Dr. Philippi describes his shell as having a prominent and elevated keel. In the Crag specimens it is only sharply angulated, being, perhaps, worn at that part. The position of the sinus is not distinctly defined in either of my specimens. Probably it was a little above the keel.
4. PLEUROTOMA SEMICOLON (?). /. Sow. Tab. V, fig. 3, a — b.
PLEUROTOMA SEMICOLON. J. Sow. Min. Conch, t. 146, fig. 6, 1816. COMMA. - t. 146, fig. 5.
PL Testa elongato-fusiformi, turritd; anfractibus numerosis conveccis, superne concavis, medio nodulosis ; transversim striatis vel cingulatis, prope suturam granulatis ; aperturd elongato-ovaid ; canali angustd.
Shell elongate and fusiform, variable, whorls convex, covered with striae or bands ; spire crenulated, aperture elongate, outer lip curved ; canal rather variable in length.
Axis, f of an inch.
Locality. Cor. Crag, Gedgrave. Red Crag, Sutton.
I have but a few specimens of this species in good preservation. It appears, how- ever to correspond with one of the varieties of that variable and well-known shell from Barton and Bracklesham, where it is abundant. This is one of the few Eocene shells that may be considered as having lived on to the Crag period. The sinus of our shell is situate in the upper and most projecting part of the volution, at which place there are two rows of nodules ; these are carried up the spire like the marks of punc- tuation which suggested the name to Mr. Sowerby. The Crag species appears a variety of P. semicolon ; there is one ridge near the suture, above the concave part of the
GASTEROPODA. 55
volution, and the lip curves elegantly from the sinus. The only difference I can observe in the shells from the two different formations is in the arrangement of the transverse striae, which are broader and more regular in the Crag shell than they are upon the Barton shells, but living under altered conditions would in all probability modify these appearances.
5. PLEUROTOMA PORRECTA. S. Wood. Tab. VII, fig. 1, a — b.
PLEUROTOMA POKRECTA. S. Wood. Catalogue 1842.
PL Testa porrectd, elonyato-fusiformi ; spird turrit a, apice acuto ; anfractibus 9 — 10, parum conveocis, subangulatis, transversim tenuissime strialis; in medio nodulosis ; canali longuisculd recta.
Shell elongate-fusiform, with an elevated spire and acute apex; volutions 9 — 10, slightly convex, finely striated transversely, and furnished in the middle of each whorl with one row of obtuse, ovate nodules ; aperture ovate ; canal elongated.
Axis, \\ of an inch.
Locality. Cor. Crag, Gedgrave.
When my Catalogue was drawn up I possessed but one mutilated specimen of this species. I have, however, obtained another since that time, and with three more belonging to H. Daniel, Esq. I am enabled to define its characters. The length of the aperture, including the canal, exceeds two fifths of the entire length of the shell, but in many species that character is liable to great variation, and is not much to be depended upon. The nodules are obtuse, oblique, and placed in the centre of the whorls; they are produced by the reflected edge of the lower part of the sinus in the outer lip, which being thickened externally at different periods, leaves permanent nodules which ornament the exterior. They are about ten in the penultimate whorl, but become nearly obsolete on the older part of the shell. It is covered with very fine impressed striae, the spaces between them being broad, flat, smooth, and glossy, differing in that respect from the rough, elevated striae upon PI. nodularia, Desh. (Coq. foss. de Par. p. 493, t. 66, f. 23 — 25). In other respects it much resembles that shell. It might perhaps be considered as PL noduliferum, Phil. (En. Moll. Sic. vol. ii, p. 173, t. 26, f. 16), only that he has described that shell as " laevissima," and his figure does not appear quite so tapering as the one from the Crag, and it has also a shorter canal. When, hereafter, the shells are compared, they may prove the same, but not knowing the Sicilian species I have left the Crag shell with its provisional name. A shell in Mr. Lyell's cabinet from Touraine is probably identical with the Crag specimens.
6. PLEUROTOMA NODULOSA (?). Desh.
PLEUROTOMA NODULOSA (?). Desh. Coq. foss. des Env. de Paris, pi. 65, fig. 11-14.
A few fragments resembling this Eocene species are in my cabinet, but they are too imperfect for figuring or fair description. My best specimens appear to have had seven convex volutions, covered with obtuse nodules, about a dozen iii each volution, with
56 MOLLUSCA FROM THE CRAG.
half a dozen elevated transverse lines. At the upper part, near the suture, there is a row of small denticulations. The first two volutions are smooth, with a very obtuse apex, in which character it disagrees with the French fossil, where it is sharp and pointed.
CLAVATULA,* Lam. 1801.
MANGE LI A. Leach. Risso. 1826. DEFRANCIA. Miller. 1826. MANGILIA. Loven. 1846.
Gen. Char. Shell fusiform, turreted, rarely of any great size, generally ribbed in a longitudinal direction, and transversely striated ; aperture ovate, terminating in a somewhat short, open, canal ; outer lip sharp, sometimes denticulated within, with a small sinus at the suture.
This name was proposed by Lamarck for a division of the Pleurotomse, to contain those species with a small and shallow sinus, which he afterwards, in his ' Hist, des An. sans Vert.,' united to Pleurotoma. The shells here intended to be grouped together are those in which the " side slit" is represented by a somewhat obscure sinus, and that, instead of being in the outer lip, is situated at the upper extremity of the aperture, at or near the junction of the body whorl. The name Mangelia was given in MS. by Dr. Leach to some shells of this character in the British Museum ; and this name was adopted by Risso, in his e Hist of the Shells of Merid. Europe.' Messrs. Reeve and Sowerby have recently employed it for the same shells ; Lamarck's name is, how- ever, of prior date.
Many recent species of this genus are found within the tropics, others have been obtained in the Arctic seas,
1. CLAVATULA LINEARIS. Mont. Tab. VII, fig. 2, 2 a.
MUREX LINEARIS. Mont. Test. Brit. p. 261, t. 9, fig. 4, 1803.
— ELEGANS. Don. Brit. Shells, t. 179, fig. 3. Fusus LINEARIS. Flem. Brit. An. p. 350, 1828. PLEUROTOMA LINEARIS. Thorpe. Brit. Mar. An. p. 197, 1844.
S. Wood. Catalogue 1842. MANGELIA LINEARIS. Leach. DEFRANCIA LINEARIS. Lov6n. Ind. Moll. Scand. p. 13, 1846.
Cl. Testa turriculd, fusiformi, subventricosd, spird elevatd, acuminatd; anfractibus convexis, longitudinaliter costatis ; transversim lineatis, lineis elevatis, striatis, labro incrassato, intus Icevi ; canali brevi.
Shell fusiform and turriculate, with an elevated and acute spire ; whorls convex, longitudinally costated, and sharply striated transversely ; lip thickened on the outside, smooth within ; canal short, rather broad.
* Etym. (?) Clavatula, the diminutive of clava, a club.
GASTEROPODA. 57
Axis, § of an inch.
Locality. Cor. Crag, Sutton.
Red Crag, Sutton. Recent, British Seas.
This elegant little shell has about seven whorls, which are ornamented with a dozen costse in the last volution ; these are crossed by sharp elevated lines, which run along the volutions ; they are rather broader over the ribs, and very sharp between them, and are from six to seven in number. The outer lip is sharp, strengthened on the exterior by a thickened obtuse varix or rib ; canal short, open, and slightly inflected. It is by no means abundant in either the Red or Coralline Crag formations.
2. CLAVATULA PHILBERTI. Mich. Tab. VII, fig. 5, 5 a.
PLEUKOTOMA PHILBERTT. Michaud. Phil. En. Moll. Sic. torn, ii, p. 165, 1844.
VARIEGATUM. Phil. En. Moll. Sic. vol. i, p. 197, tab. 11, fig. 14, 1836. S. Wood. Catalogue 1842.
Cl. Testa turritd, fusiformi ; anfractibus convexis, costis longitudinalibus lineisque transversis elevatis, clathratis ; labro incrassato, intus dentato ; canali breviusculd.
Shell turreted and fusiform, with about six convex volutions, longitudinally costated, and decussated by coarse, elevated, transverse striae ; outer lip thickened within and dentated.
Axis, | of an inch.
Locality. Cor. Crag, Sutton. Recent, Mediterranean.
I have one tolerably good specimen of this species, with a few imperfect ones, and have very little doubt of the identification. The striae are sharp and elevated, like those upon the preceding species, but coarser, making the costse rather tuberculate ; the lip is thickened within, somewhat contracting the aperture, and strongly dentated, with seven or eight elevated teeth, and having a moderately sized sinus immediately at the suture. The figure is scarcely elongated enough.
3. CLAVATULA CASTANEA (?). Brown. Tab. VII, fig. 3, 3 a.
Fusus CASTANEUS. Brown. Illust. Brit. Conch, pi. 48, fig. 43-44, 1827.
CL Testa pmilld, ovato-fusiformi, anfractibus quatuor valde convexis, tnmidis, prope suturam depressis ; longitudinaliter obtuse costatis, costis 11 — 12, transversim striatis} striis rugosis, confertis ; aperturd ovatd; canali brevi.
Shell small, ovato-fusiform, with four convex and tumid volutions ; depressed near the suture, with 11 — 12 obtuse costae, numerously and coarsely striated transversely; striae carried over the ribs ; aperture ovate ; canal short.
Axis, i of an inch.
Locality. Cor. Crag, Sutton. ? Recent, British Seas.
I have but two specimens of this species, and these appear to resemble the figure by Brown, referred to above. My specimens are thickly and rather coarsely striated,
8
58 MOLLUSCA FROM THE CRAG.
the striae being carried over the ribs ; this character is not represented in Brown's figure. The sinus in my specimens is at the suture, but not very distinct, and there is a slight depression on the upper part of the whorl. It differs from Cl. perpulchra in being shorter, in having the volutions more tumid, and in its coarser and more numerous striae. It is a much less elegant shell.
4. CLAVATULA PERPULCHRA. S. Wood. Tab. VII, fig. 4, 4 a.
Cl. Testa minutd, fusiformi, turriculd ; spird elevatd ; anfractibus convexis ; lonyitudi- naliter costatis, transversim striatis ; striis 10 — 11 acutis, elevatis ; labro extus incrassato, intus l&vi ; canali brevi ; sinu apud suturam prof undo.
Shell small, turriculate, and fusiform ; with an elevated spire and convex volutions ; longitudinally costated ; costse 11 — 1 2 in the last volution ; transversely striated ; striae sharp and elevated ; outer lip curved, and thickened on the outside, with a large and deep sinus at the suture ; canal short, and very open.
Axis, \ of an inch.
Locality. Cor. Crag, Sutton.
This species much resembles in form and size Cl. linearis, but that shell has fewer striae, and the ribs are narrower ; in this the ribs are broad, touching each other at the base, leaving no space between them ; whereas, in CL linearis, they stand apart, and the transverse striae or ridges are fewer and sharper, with the outer lip less curved, more contracted at the lower part, and having the sinus not quite so deep as in this species.
Imperfect specimens of this shell are by no means rare at the above locality. It was considered in my Catalogue only as a variety of CL linearis, but, for the above reasons, they are now separated.
5. CLAVATULA COSTATA (?). Da Costa. Tab. VII, fig. 6 a, 6 b.
BUCCINUM COSTATUM. Da Costa. Hist. Nat. Test. Brit. p. 128, tab. 8, fig. 4, 1778.
MUREX COSTATUS. Mont. Test. Brit. p. 265, 1803.
Fusus COSTATUS. Thorpe. Mar. Brit. Conch, p. 202, 1844.
PLEUROTOMA MITRTJLA (?). Nyst. Coq. foss. de Belg. p. 528, pi. 44, fig. 3, 1844.
CL Testa turritd, subulatd, fusiformi ; anfractibus 6 — 7 convexinsculis, costatis ; costis circa septem, obliquis, obtusis, elevatis ; interstitiis transversim tenuissime striatis; labro acuto, extus marginato, intus incrassato; canali brevi.
Shell turriculate, tapering, subfusiform, with 6—7 slightly convex volutions; longitudinally costated ; costae seven, oblique, elevated, and obtuse, transversely striated, with an acute and curved outer lip, thickened within, particularly near the sinus ; and marginated on the outside behind the lip.
Axis, | of an inch nearly.
Locality. Cor. Crag, Sutton.
Red Crag, Sutton and Walton. ? Recent, British Seas.
GASTEROPODA. 59
This species is not rare in the Red Crag, but the specimens are generally more or less rubbed. In those which are best preserved, fine impressed striae may be detected between the ribs. It differs from Cl. mitrula in having fewer costse, and a more elevated spire ; and the ribs in this are more oblique, sloping to the left, and preserving gene- rally a continuous oblique line of ridge, interrupted only by the suture ; the spaces between them are rather wider than the ribs, and the first two volutions are destitute of costee, but are cancellated ; the aperture varies from one third to two fifths of the length of the axis. The figure does not well represent the ribs, as they slope a little more towards the upper part, and incline backwards. The outer lip is sharp, with a thickened obtuse varix on the exterior, and it has also a thickening upon the inside, particularly near the sinus, which is rather broad. The figure by Nyst probably repre- sents the same species, though my specimens are all more slender and attenuated than his figure. It is, however, a doubtful identification, and he has described that shell as smooth ; my Crag specimens, when perfect, are transversely striated.
6, CLAVATULA MITRULA. /. Sow. Tab. VII, fig. 7, 8 a.
BUCCINUM MITRULA. J. Sow. Min. Conch, t. 375, fig. 3, 1822. PLEUROTOMA MITRULA. S. Wood. Catalogue 1842.
Cl. Testa turritd, elongatd, subfusiformi, apice acuto ; anfractibus septem convexius- culis, plicatis, plicis circa decem obliguis, sub lente tenuissime striatis ; striis transversis impressis ; aperturd lanceolato-ovatd.
Shell elongato-turriculate, subfusiform, costated ; whorls 7, slightly convex, orna- mented with about ten oblique, obtuse, rounded ribs, and finely striated transversely, with a sharp and curved outer lip ; sinus a little below the suture.
Axis, § of an inch.
Locality. Cor. Crag, Button.
Red Crag, Sutton and Walton Naze.
This is an abundant species in the Red Crag. Good specimens are covered with transverse impressed striae. The ribs are very slightly curved, and are rather more prominent on the upper part ; they are as wide as the spaces between them, and rarely in a continuous line ; the apex is sharp, and the first two volutions are without the large obtuse ribs, but are cancellated. The outer lip is slightly curved and sharp ; it is marginated on the outside, and thickened within, particularly below the sinus, and has a deep, distinct suture. The lower part of the outer lip projects slightly, with a wide and rather short canal. Aperture about two fifths the length of axis. It resembles in form PI. multiUneolatum, Phil. (t. 26, f. I), but the whorls are more convex.
60 MOLLUSCA FROM THE CRAG.
7. CLAVATULA BRACHYSTOMA. Phil. Tab. VII, fig. 8, 8 a.
PLEUROTOMA BRACHYSTOMA. Phil. En. Moll. Sic. p. 169, t. 26, fig. 10, 1844.
Cl. Testa turritd, subulatd, fusiformi; anfractibus converts, superne angulatis ; cos- tatis, cos f is longitudinalibus novem, ad suturam evanescentibus ; striis elevatis transversis, aperturd ovatd, canali brevi ; labro acuto, extus incrassato.
Shell turreted and tapering ; apex rather obtuse ; whorls convex, slightly angu- lated at the upper part ; costated and striated ; costae 9, aperture ovate, with a short canal ; outer lip sharp, thickened externally.
Axis, | of an inch.
Locality. Cor. Crag, Sutton. Recent, Mediterranean.
This species is by no means rare in the Coralline Crag. It agrees with a recent specimen of brachystoma (obligingly lent me for comparison by Mr. Hanley, and received by that gentleman from M. Philippi), except that the striae appear a little finer. The upper three volutions in the specimen from the Crag are cancellated, and on the third volution there are at least a dozen ribs, whereas on those succeeding it
1 o
there are never more than eight or nine. The sinus in our shell is in the angulated part of the volution, giving a slight depression at the upper part of the whorl.
8. CLAVATULA NEBULA. Mont. Tab. VII, fig. 10.
MUREX NEBULA. Mont. Test. Brit. p. 267, t. 15, fig. 6, 1803.
PLEUROTOMA BERTRANDI. Phil. En. Moll. Sic. vol. i, p. 198, t. 11, fig. 20, 1836.
Fusus (?) NEBULA. S. Wood. Catalogue 1842.
Fusus NEBULA. Thorpe. Brit. Mar. Conch, p. 203, fig. 93, 1844.
PLEUROTOMA GINNANNIANUM. Phil. En. Moll. Sic. vol. ii, p. 168, tab. 26, fig. 6, 1844.
MANGILIA NEBULA. Lovtn. Ind. Moll. Scand. p. 13, 1846.
Cl. Testa turritd, elongatd, subulatd; anfractibus 7 — 8, convexis, longitudinaliter costnlatis, transversim striatis ; canali breviusculd recta; labro haud incrassato.
Shell elongate, tapering, with an acuminated spire ; volutions 7 — 8, convex ; suture deep, spirally striated, and longitudinally costated ; costae 10 — 11; aperture ovate; outer lip sharp, with a small sinus a little below the suture ; canal very short and open.
Axis, I of an inch.
Locality. Red Crag, Sutton. Recent, Mediterranean and British Seas.
I have as yet seen this species from one locality only, where it is not very rare. It appears to differ slightly from Philippi's figure and description. My specimens are most of them much rubbed, though in some the striae are distinctly visible ; Philippi's figures have fewer ribs. The proportions of the aperture are variable, though generally about one third the length of the shell. Loven considers the M. nebula of British authors as identical with the Ginnannianum of Philippi, and I have therefore, upon his authority, retained the name originally given in my Catalogue, although the Crag specimens correspond better with the Mediterranean shell, and are larger than any recent British specimens I have seen.
GASTEROPODA. 61
9. CLAVATULA CANCELLATA. /. Sow. Tab. VII, fig. 9.
Fusus CANCELLATUS. J. Sow. Min. Conch, t. 525, fig. 2, 1827. PLEUROTOMA CANCELLATA. S. Wood. Catalogue 1842.
CL Testa turritd elongato-fusiformi ; anfractibus 6 — 7, convexis ; superne planatis, depressis, longitudinaliter costatis et transversim striatis clathratis ; papillis in angulis sectionem acutis ; canali longimculd, subrectd.
Shell slender, fusiform, and elongate ; apex acute ; spire elevated, with 6 — 7 convex volutions, covered with decussating ridges, which are sharp and elevated at the point of contact ; aperture ovate ; canal moderately long, very slightly recurved.
Axis, | of an inch.
Locality. Cor. Crag, Sutton.
Red Crag, Walton Naze. ? Recent, Mediterranean.
This elegant shell is at present rare from both formations. The sinus is rather broad, producing a flattened or smooth canal around the spire, immediately at the suture. The whorls are covered with longitudinal ribs, and with transverse ridges, elevated and spinous at the points of junction. The lower part of the aperture is slightly contracted, forming a distinct canal, which is open and very slightly recurved. This is probably only a variety of Pleurot. reticulata, Bronn., Murex eckinatus, Broc. (Tab. 8, fig. 3), Pleurot. Cordieri, Payr.
10. CLAVATULA CONCINNATA. S. Wood. Tab. VII, fig. 1 1 a, 11 b.
PLEUROTOMA RUFA (?). S. Wood. Catalogue 1842.
CL Testa turriculd, elevatd, fusiformi; anfractibus convexiusculis, prope suturam obsolete angulatis ; longitudinaliter oblique plicatis, plicis 10 — 13; transversim striatis ; aperturd elongato-ovatd ; labro acuto ; canali breviusculd.
Shell turriculate, elevated, and fusiform ; with an obsolete angularity a little below the suture ; longitudinally plicated ; plicae or ribs oblique ; crossed and cancellated by coarse and elevated striae, between which are finer lines ; outer lip sharp ; canal moderate.
Axis, 1 inch.
Locality. Cor. Crag, Sutton and Gedgrave.
This is not a very abundant shell, and is seldom perfect. The large figure is from a specimen belonging to Mr. Perry. The outer lip curves a little, giving an elegant obliquity to the folds, and the sinus is shallow a little below the suture. It is crossed by about six or seven elevated lines, which decussate the exterior, and the shell is covered between these with finer lines. It somewhat resembles the figure of F. rufus, Gould (Invert. Massach., p. 290, f. 192), but differs from the British shell M. rufus, Montague. It is, however, possible that it may be only an extreme variety of C. turricula. Fig. 11 b is a more elongate variety.
62 MOLLUSCA FROM THE CRAG.
11. CLAVATULA L^VIGATA (?). Phil. Tab. VII, fig. 12, 12 a.
PLEUROTOMA L^VIGATUM. Phil. En. Moll. Sic. vol. i, t. 11, fig. 17.
CL Testa fusiformi, turritd, subulatd ; transversim tenuissime striatd, anfractibus plani- usculis, contiguis ; aperturd longitudine totius testae trientem vix cequante ; canali brevissimd.
Shell turreted, tapering, and fusiform ; with an ovate or elongated aperture ; whorls slightly convex, finely striated transversely, more coarsely so at the base, with a short and wide canal, columella slightly incurved, outer lip sharp, and smooth within.
Axis, -^ of an inch.
Locality. Cor. Crag (?), Button.
Red Crag, Walton Naze. Recent, Mediterranean.
A few specimens only of this species have come into my possession, and those unfortunately are not in good condition. Mr. Bowerbank has also lent me two speci- mens from Walton Naze ; but they are unfortunately in no better condition than my own. I feel, however, unwilling they should not be represented. It much resembles Pleu- rotoma lavigatwm, Phil. (vol. i, p. 199, 1. 1 1, f. 17), and if it were not for his description, " lavissima" I should have little doubt of their identity ; our shell is distinctly striated over the body of the whorls, and more coarsely so around the base. The obsolete costae are scarcely visible, from the bad condition of the specimens, and there is a visible depression at the upper part of the whorl, caused by a deep sinus a little below the suture.
12. CLAVATULA TURRICULA. Mont. Tab. VII, fig. 13 a, 13/5.
MUREX TURRICULA. Mont. Test. Brit. p. 262, t. 9, fig. 1, 1803.
— ANGULATUS. Don. Brit. Shells, t. 156.
— PUNCTATUS. Woodward. Geol. of Norf. t. 3, fig. 28, 1833.
PLEUROTOMA CLAVULA. Dujard. Me"m. de la Soc. Geol. de France, 1837, torn, xi, pt. 2, p. 291. DEPRANCIA NOBILIS. Moller. Ind. Moll. Groenl. p. 12, 1842.
WOODIANA. - p. 13.
Fusus PLICATILIS. Bean. MS.
CL Testa tnrriculd, ovato-fusiformi ; anfractibus convexiusculis, superne angulatis ; longitudinaliter costulatis ; transversim et rugose striatis ; apertura ovatd, canali brevi.
Shell turriculate, ovately-fusiform ; whorls about eight, slightly convex, angular at the upper part; longitudinally costulated, with 14 — 16 slightly elevated ribs in the last volution, crossed by coarse transverse striae ; aperture subovate, ending in a short and rather wide canal.
Axis, I of an inch.
Locality. Red Crag, Sutton and Walton.
Mam. Crag, Bramerton and Bridlington. Recent, British and North Seas.
This is by no means a rare species in the Red Crag. It is rather an aberrant form of this genus, having the sinus indistinctly marked by a slight indenture at the
GASTEROPODA. 63
angle, and not immediately at the suture. The transverse striae are continued over the ribs when the shell is perfect, but those prominent parts are often smooth. The costse are in general vertical, though in some there is a slight curvature. The speci- mens from Bramerton appear punctated, from an alteration and erosion of the surface. A specimen from Bridlington, sent by Mr. Bean, with the name "plicatiZis" appears to be a variety of this species, which is very variable in its proportionate dimensions as well in the fossil as in the recent specimens ; several shells, considered as specifically distinct by Moller, are probably only varieties.
13. CLAVATULA TREVELLIANA. Turt. Tab. 7, fig. 14.
PLEUROTOMA TRAVELLIANA. Turt. Mag. Nat. Hist. p. 351, 1834.
Thorpe. Brit. Mar. Conch, p. 197, fig. 52, 1844.
Macgyllivray. Moll. Aberd. p. 172. fusus (?) TURRICULA, var. S. Wood. Catalogue 1842.
Cl. Testa ovato-fusiformi, spird subturritd; apice acuto ; anfractibus 5 — 6, convexis, subinjlatis, superne angulatis ; longitudinaliter costulatis, costulis confertis; transversim rugose striatis, cancellatis ; aperturd ovatd, canali brevissimd.
Shell ovato-fusiform, with a slightly elevated spire, and acute apex ; whorls 5 — 6, convex and rather tumid, angulated at the upper part ; longitudinally costulated with numerous rather oblique and slightly prominent ribs, and large transverse stride decussating and cancellating the exterior.
Axis, \ an inch.
Locality. Red Crag, Sutton.
Mam. Crag, Bramerton. Recent, British Seas.
This shell appears to correspond with the figure and description of what is con- sidered a distinct species, and I have given it upon the authority of British conchologists, who may perhaps have better means of determining that point either from colour or other character. I have but two or three specimens ; it may, however, be a variety of Cl. turricula, as it is only in the proportions that I can observe any difference between my fossil specimens of this species and those of turricula.
14. CLAVATULA BOOTHII. Smith. Tab. VII, fig. 16.
PLEUROTOMA PURPUREA. Bast. Mem. G£ol. de Bord, pi. 3. fig. 10, 1825. Fusus BOOTHII. Smith. Wern. Mem. vol. viii, p. 51, pi. 1, fig. 1, 1838.
CL Testa fusif or mi, turritd, longitudinaliter costatd ; anfractibus converts, transversim lineatis, lineis elevatis ; labro obtuso, intus nitido ; canali brevi subrectd.
Shell turreted and fusiform, longitudinally costated ; whorls convex, slightly inflated, covered with elevated striae ; outer lip obtuse, smooth within ; canal short, and slightly recurved.
Axis, | of an inch.
Locality. Red Crag, Walton Naze. Recent, British Seas.
64 MOLLUSCA FROM THE CRAG.
Of this species I have but a few specimens, and those appear restricted to the Red Crag. It approaches in form PL inflatum, Phil. (En. Moll. Sic. vol. i, t. 11, f. 24), PL Leufroyi (vol. ii, p. 165), and upon comparison with specimens of that shell may possibly be found to be the same species. The Crag shell has 12 — 13 costae ; is rather more elongate, and has a longer canal ; the striae upon the exterior are alternately one large and one small. The outer lip is contracted at the lower part, forming a distinct but open canal, and the costae are not carried below the body of the whorl. Pleurotoma purpurea, Basterot, is in all probability the same as our shell, which differs from purpurea, Montague, in being less distinctly cancellated, and in having larger and more elevated ribs ; it is also a shorter shell.
15. CLAVATULA PLICIFERA. S. Wood. Tab. VII, fig. 15.
PLEUROTOMA PLICIFERA. S. Wood. Catalogue.
CL Testa elongato-fusiformi, turritd ; anfractibus convexis, superne depressis, longitudi- naliter plicatis, plicis numerosis, subsinuosis ; transversim striatis ; labro acuto -, canali longiusculd.
Shell elongate-fusiform, turreted ; whorls subangulated, with longitudinal sub- sinuated folds, or costulae ; transversely striated ; aperture ovate ; canal moderate.
Axis, f of an inch.
Locality. Red Crag, Sutton.
But one specimen of this species is in my cabinet. It appears distinct from any species I have seen, in the peculiar curvature of the outer lip, which gives an elegant flexion to the folds or ribs. The sinus is rather below the suture, like that in CL turri- (wla, but the costae in that shell are much more erect. It is, however, not a well- determined species, and the above name may be considered as provisional until more perfect specimens are found. It may be here remarked, that many of the specimens belonging to this genus, found in the Crag, are far from being in good condition, and the identifications of some of the species are by no means satisfactory.
CANCELLARIA,* Lam. 1801.
PURPDRA, (spec.) Adanson. AD MET A. Kroyer.
Gen. Char. Shell ovate, fusiform or turriculate, costated ; aperture subcanaliculated, sometimes entire ; columella plicated, plicae variable ; outer lip generally sulcated within.
1. CANCELLARIA CORONATA. Tab. VII, fig. 18 a, 183.
CANCELLARIA CORONATA. Scacchi. In Phil. En. Moll. Sic. vol. ii, p. 177, t. 25, fig. 24, 1844. VARICOSA. Phil. En. Moll. Sic. vol. i, p. 201, 1836.
Nyst. Coq. foss. de Belg. p. 475, pi. 38, fig. 20. LJEVICOSTA. 8. Wood. Catalogue 1842.
* Etym. Cancelli, lattices; from the exterior of the shell being covered with crossed lines, like lattice- work.
GASTEROPODA. 65
C. Testa turritd, elongatd, fusiformi, spird elevatd; apice acuminate ; lonyitudinaliter costatd; anfractibus superne angulatis, supra planis; cost is distantibus rotundatis, Icevir/atis, interstitiis obsolete striatis ; columelld biplicatd; labro intus sulcato.
Shell elongato-fusiform, turreted, with an elevated spire, longitudinally costated, obsoletely striated between the ribs ; whorls subangulated above, with the costse pro- duced at the upper part, smooth and distant ; columella with two folds, outer lip denticulated within ; aperture ovate, slightly canaliculate.
Axis, lj inch.
Locality. Red Crag, Walton Naze.
This species is very rare in my cabinet. It corresponds with the figure and description given by Nyst, at the above reference, but I cannot consider it Vol. varicosa of Brocchi, unless it be very much altered. It is, I imagine, the same as the one Dr. Philippi has figured in his second volume, although the shape of the outer lip in his figure is more expanded at the lower part, and his shell appears to have more and sharper costae. In my specimens they are never more than ten in one volution, and the shell is not quite so much coronated, although the costae are produced at the upper part, but they are more obtuse. The specimens are somewhat altered, as the striae are nearly obsolete, but the ribs appear smooth. In my Catalogue it was considered as a new species, and the present identification rests upon Dr. Philippi's description, who considered it in his first vol.' as Vol. varicosa, Broc., and says, p. 201, " labro sulcato ;" in the second vol. p. 177, the character is given as " labro intus laevi." It may perhaps be so in its young state.
2. CANCELLARIA MITR^FORMIS (?). Broc. Tab. VII, fig. 19, a — b.
VOLUTA MITR^FORMIS. Broc. Conch, foss. Subap. p. 645, t. 15, fig. 13, 1815. CANCELLAKIA MITB^EFOBMIS, S. Wood. Catalogue 1842.
C. Testa turritd, subfusiformi ; lonc/itudinaliter obsolete costulatd; transversim striatd, columelld biplicatd, labro acuto, intus sulcato, canali brevissimd.
Shell turreted, elevated, subfusiform ; with obsolete longitudinal costae ; trans- versely striated ; columella biplicate ; outer lip sharp, dentated within, with a subemar- ginate base.
Axis, | of an inch.
Locality. Cor. Crag, Gedgrave. Red Crag, Sutton.
This species is rare. The upper part of the volution is flattened, while it is convex on the lower half. The outer lip is sharp, somewhat expanded, thickened within, and has about nine or ten denticulations. The striae upon the exterior are large and coarse, amounting almost to ridges, and the longitudinal costae in some specimens are obsolete.
Our shell has not the ridge-like appearance below the suture so visibly shown in Brocchi's figure, nor are there any denticulations represented in his figure. The identification is therefore given with doubt.
9
66 MOLLUSCA FROM THE CRAG.
3. CANCELLARIA COSTELLIFERA. /. Sow. Tab. VII, fig. 21.
MUREX COSTELLIFER. J. Sow. Min. Conch, t. 119, fig. 3, 1818. CANCELLARIA COUTHOUYI. Jay. Cat. of his Cab. 1839.
BUCCINOIDES. Couthouy. Bost. Journ. of Nat. Hist. vol. xi, p. 105, pi. 3, fig. 3.
GRANULATA. Nyst. Coq. foss. de Belg. p. 479, pi. 39, fig. 14, 1844.
VIRIDULA. Loven, lud. Moll. Scand. p. 15, 1846.
C. Testa ovato-fusiformi, ventricosd ; spird acuminatd ; anfractibus convexis, lonyitudi- naliter costellatis, transversim striatis ; costellis 12 — 15, granulatis ; in ultimo anfractu ad basim evanescentibus ; aperturd ovatd; columettd triplicatd; basi acuminatd; canali brevissimd.
Shell ovato-fusiform, with an acuminated spire ; whorls convex, obtusely costated longitudinally ; costse 12 — 15, generally obsolete upon the lower half of the body whorl, transversely striated; aperture acuminated at the base, with a very short canal; columella triplicate ; outer lip sharp.
Axis, f of an inch nearly.
Locality. Cor. Crag, Sutton. Red Crag, Sutton. Mam. Crag, Bridlington. Recent, Coast of Massachusetts.
This species first appears in the Coralline Crag, but my specimens from that formation are few, small, and very imperfect ; it is abundant in the bed above it. It is in all probability the same as the American species. The ribs extend as far as the junction of the succeeding volution, giving the spire a costated appearance ; the striae or ridges are few, and are carried over the ribs, and the left lip is generally reflected over the umbilicus ; and the columella has three folds, the upper one obsolete, some- times invisible ; the lower one forms the edge of the canal ; outer lip sharp, and generally free from denticulations, although the ridges are sometimes visible within. This species is constant in its character, and presents very little variation in form ; the costse are generally invisible on the base of the body whorl, and in one or two specimens they are imperceptible upon the spire.
Moller has described the species (Ind. Moll. Groenl.) under the name Admete (Kroyer) crispa ; it differs from the true Cancellarise, and might probably form a good generic type.
4. CANCELLARIA SUBANGULOSA. S. Wood. Tab. VII, fig. 20, a — b.
CANCELLARIA SUBANGULOSA. S. Wood. Catalogue 1842.
C. Testa minima, fusiformi, spird elevatd, apice acuto, longitudinaliter costellatd, transversim striatd, reticulatd ; anfractibus quinque, super ne subanyulatis ; canali brevissimd; columella triplicatd.
Shell small, fusiform, with an elevated spire, and acute apex, longitudinally costulated, and transversely striated ; volutions five, subangular at the upper part ; aperture ovate,
GASTEROPODA. 67
slightly acuminated at the base ; left lip reflected, with a small open umbilicus, and three very minute folds upon the columella.
Axis, J5 of an inch.
Locality. Cor. Crag, Button.
But a few specimens of this species have come into my possession. It appears to be distinct from the preceding one in the angular form of volution, and in being more elongated, with a slight inflection of the outer lip at the angle of the volution. In all my numerous specimens of C. costellifera there are none presenting the angular form of volution so distinct in this shell ; it is nevertheless possible it may be only a variety of that species.
Two worn specimens from the Red Crag, in my cabinet, much resemble the C. laviuscula of ' Min. Conch. ;' they are in a mutilated condition, and may probably have been introduced from the London clay.
TRICHOTROPIS, Broderip and G. B. Sowerly. 1829. TRICHOPHERE. Desk. 1830. TRICHOPODUS. Swains. 1840.
Gen. CJtar. Shell turbinated or subfusiform, with spiral ridges or carinse upon the volutions, generally thin ; spire more or less elevated, with an acute apex ; aperture subovate, acuminated at the base ; columella obliquely truncate and flattened, with an open umbilicus. In a recent state it is covered with an epidermis, and has a corneous operculum, with a lateral nucleus.
A few species only of this genus are yet known, and those are boreal forms. The name was given from the hairy keels (0oi£, rptyog, hair, and rpoTnc, keel) which surround the species, forming the type of the genus. The animal is said to resemble in many of its characters that of the genus Buccinum, connecting it with Cancellaria ; the shell, however, differs from the latter in having a form of aperture like that of Purpura, with a flattened columella, and also in the absence of oblique folds.
1. TRICHOTROPIS BOREALIS. Brod. and Sow. Tab. VII, fig. 17, a — b, and
Tab. XIX, fig. ll,«— b. TRICHOTROPIS BOREALIS. Brod. and Sow. Zool. Journal, 1829, vol. iv, p. 375.
— Gould. Inv. of Massach. p. 300. 1841.
TRICHOTROPIS ACUMINATA. Jeffreys. MS.
COSTELLATUS. Couthouy. Bost. Journ. Nat. Hist. vol. ii, p. 108, pi. 3, fig. 2. Fusus UMBILICATUS. Smith. Mem. of Wern. Nat. Hist. Soc. vol. viii, p. 50, pi. 1, fig. 2, 1838.
Tr. Testa ovato-fmiformi; spird elevatd, apice acvminato; anfractibus sex, convexis, cingulatis, sup erne planiusculis ; lonffitudinaliter tenuissime striatis ; aperturd ovatd, sub- canaliculatd ; labio complanato; umbilico prof undo.
Shell ovate-fusiform, with six deeply-defined volutions, and an elevated spire ; whorls rather flattened above, ornamented with four or five elevated transverse,
68 MOLLUSCA FROM THE CRAG.
spiral ridges, nearly equidistant ; and with fine longitudinal striae or lines of growth ; aperture subcanaliculated ; left lip slightly reflected and flattened ; umbilicus open and deep.
Axis, \ an inch.
Locality. Cor. Crag, Sutton.
Mam. Crag, Bridlington. Recent, Oban.
I have as yet found but two or three specimens of this species in the Coralline Crag, and these strongly resemble a recent shell in my possession obtained from the Bay of Oban. In the fossil the spaces between the ridges are quite flat, with fine visible lines of growth ; the recent shell has sometimes a small intermediate ridge, but these differences are not constant. Specimens from Bridlington, from the cabinets of Messrs. Bean and Leckenby, are of a less elongated form, and are thicker and stronger, with a very flattened and purpura-like form of inner lip, and having a more open umbilicus, with less prominent transverse ridges ; I believe it, however, to be only a variety. Fig. 11, Tab. xix, represents a specimen belonging to Mr. Leckenby which differs from the recent form considerably more than the shell from the older formation.
CERITHIUM,* Adanson. 1757. BITTIUM. Leach. MS. 1819. POTAMIDES. Brongn. TRIFORIS. Desk. 1824. POTAMIDUM. Flem. 1828.
Gen. Char. Shell elongate, or turriculate, with an elevated or pyramidal spire, composed of numerous volutions ; ribbed, striated, or tuberculated, occasionally smooth ; aperture subquadrate, terminating in a short recurved canal ; outer lip more or less sinuated, sometimes expanded ; operculum corneous.
In this genus Lamarck included a large number of species, both marine and fluviatile, the latter of which have been separated and placed in a distinct genus by Brongniart under the name of Potamides. There is no difference whatever in the shells them- selves ; a species from the purely fresh-water formations of Hordwell has a deep and recurved canal, which is the character generally considered as peculiar to the marine species. Many of these species are inhabitants of estuaries, and capable of enduring an existence either in fresh or salt water. The same species in the Mammaliferous Crag is found with land and fresh-water shells, which in the Red Crag is associated with purely marine forms.
The greater number of species constituting this genus have a distinct and well- marked canal at the base of the aperture, which, however, in some species, dwindles into a slight inflection of the lip at the lower part of the columella, thus approaching in appearance some of the shells in the genus Turritella.
s The derivation of this genus is not well determined. Hermansen considers it probably from a kind of fish, or from K^VKIOV, buccinulum. Agassiz derives it from nepdrwv, a little horn.
GASTEROPODA. 69
SECT. a. DEXTRAL.
1. CERITHIUM TRICINCTUM (?). Broc. Tab. VIII, fig. 1 a — b, and 2.
MUKEX TRiciNCTUS. Broc. Conch, foss. Subap. pi. 9, fig. 23, 1816. CERITHIUM TRICINCTUM. Nyst. Coq. foss. de Belg. p. 539, pi. 42, fig. 7, 1844.
Dujardin. Mem. Soc. Geol. de France, torn, xi, p. 288, 1837. CEBITHIUM PTJNCTATUM. Woodward. Geol. of Norf. t. 3, fig. 29, 1833.
5. Wood. Catalogue 1842.
C. Testa elongato-turritd, tequaliter granulata ; anfractibus numerosis, planulatis, triplici serie granulorum cinctis, columettd sine plicatd.
Shell elongato-turreted ; spire subulate and elevated ; volutions flat, ornamented with three equally granulated bands ; aperture subquadrate, outer lip curved ; colu- mella without a fold.
Axis, 2 inches.
Locality. Red Crag, passim.
Mam. Crag. Thorpe and Bramerton.
Although this species is common enough in the Red Crag, all the specimens I have seen are in bad condition. In the Subapennine shells, and generally in those from Touraine, there is a distinct fold upon the columella above, and independent of that projection which forms one side of the basal canal. It is possible it may be worn away in the Crag shells, as, in some specimens from the Touraine beds, which were given me by Mr. Lyell, this character has quite disappeared, and it was by that alone it could be distinguished. In more perfect specimens, striae or ridges on the base of the volutions may be observed, which become larger toward the outer edge, like those upon the Touraine shells. Specimens are sometimes found with four bands, while others have only two. Some are so much eroded and altered as to have the volutions distinctly convex.
Fig. 1 (a) is from the Mam. Crag, Thorpe.
1 (b) from the Red Crag, Sutton.
2 is an eroded specimen, with very convex volutions, and is probably only an altered form of this species.
2. CERITHIUM VARICULOSUM. Nyst. Tab. VIII, fig. 3, 3 a.
CERITHIUM VARICULOSUM. Nyst. Coq. foss. de Belg. p. 540, pi. 42, fig. 9, 1844. CERITHIUM PUNCTULUM. 8. Wood. Catalogue 1842.
C. Testa elongatd, turritd, subulatd ; apice acuminatd ; anfractibm 9 — 10, convexius- culis ; longitudinaliter plicatis ; transversim quadristriatis ; striis elevatis, tuberculato nodosis, labro acuto.
Shell elongate, turreted, and regularly tapering, with an acuminated apex ; whorls 9 — 10, slightly convex, covered with four granulated bands; outer lip sharp; base emarginate, without a canal.
70 MOLLUSCA FROM THE CRAG.
Axis, ^ an inch.
Locality. Red Crag, Walton Naze.
Of this species I have but three or four specimens, and those are not quite perfect. It is presumed to be the same as the Belgian species, though the aperture in the figure referred to above is very unlike that of our shell, and is probably not well represented. It appears to differ from C. lima, Brug., in not having the occasional obtuse varices of that shell, and the volutions are not so flat as in that species. The base of my specimen is smooth, but perhaps it is not so when perfect. Cerith. lacteum,, Phil., is described as ] mving but three rows of granules ; our shell has four, and they are very distinct.
The name in my Catalogue being without description, though prior to that of M. Nyst, must of course remain only as a synonyme.
3. CERITHIUM TRILINEATUM. Phil. Tab. VIII, fig. 4, 4 «.*
CERITHIUM TRILINEATUM. Phil. Enum. Moll. Sic. vol. i, p. 195, t. 11, fig. 13, 183(5.
Dujard. Mem. de la Soc. Ge"ol. de France, p. 289, 1837. S. Wood. Catalogue 1842.
C. Testa minutd, turritd, subulatd ; apice obtuso, costato, et cancettato ; anfractibus pla- ninsculis, cingulos tres obtusos ferentibus ; interstitiis longitudinaliter striatis ; canali brevi.
Shell small, turreted, and tapering, with an obtuse apex ; volutions numerous, and rather flat, ornamented, with three transverse obtuse ridges, having longitudinal striae between them ; aperture sub quadrate ; canal short and inflected.
Axis, § of an inch.
Locality. Cor. Crag, Button. Recent, Mediterranean.
Imperfect specimens of this species are by no means rare. The shell is thin and fragile. It is peculiarly distinguished by three transverse bands or ridges not quite so broad as the spaces between them : these are obtuse or rather flat upon the top, with longitudinal striaa or visible lines of growth in the interspaces, and there is a smaller ridge at the base of the volution, below which it is smooth. The apex is very obtuse. The first volution is distinctly marked with numerous longitudinal costa3, but is without the transverse ridges, while on the second it is strongly cancellated, being probably the peculiar markings of the young shell previous to its exclusion from the egg.
4. CERITHIUM TUBERCULARE. Mont. Tab. VIII, fig. 5, a — c.
Fig. 5, var. VULGARIS. S. Wood. 5 0, Magnified portion. 5 b, var. SUBULATUM. 5 c, var. NANUM.
MUREX TUBERCULARIS. Mont. Test. Brit. p. 270, 1803. CERITHIUM PYGM^EUM (?). Phil. En. Moll. Sic. t. 25, fig. 26, 1844.
HENCKELII. Nyst. Coq. foss. de Belg. p. 340, pi. 41, fig. 12, 1844. TUBERCULARE. £. Wood. Catalogue 1842.
* Fig. 4 a is a highly magnified representation of the apex.
GASTEROPODA. 71
C. Testa minima, cylindraceo-turritd ; anfractibus planiusculis ; cingulos tr es yra ferentibus ; basi Itevi, canali brevissimo.
Shell small, subcylindrical, and turriculate ; volutions Saltish, covered with three transverse granular ridges ; base naked and smooth, with very short canal.
Axis, 5 of an inch.
Locality. Cor. Crag, Sutton. Recent, British Seas.
An abundant shell, and very variable in its proportional dimensions : some are tapering and elongate, exceeding in length its diameter at least four times ; while others are nearly half as broad as they are long. It is distinguished by having three sharp ridges of tubercles, and a fourth ridge, which is smaller, without the tubercles, at the base, or rather edge, of the last volution. A canal is formed at the suture by the elevation of the tubercular ridges. The base is generally naked, smooth, and flat ; but in some there is a thick and elevated spiral ridge, behind which is a deep sulcus. Cer. pygmaum, Phil., looks like one of its varieties, and the Belgian shell I imagine, from the figure, to be the same. I have fragments which indicate a length of at least three eighths of an inch.
5. CERITHTUM METAXA (?). Delle Chiaje. Tab. VIII, fig. 6, 6 a.
MUREX METAXA. Del. Chi. Mem. 1826, p. 211, t. 49, fig. 29-31. CERITHIUM CREPERUM. S. Wood. Catalogue 1842.
C. Testa minima, cylindraceo-turritd; anfractibus convexis, numerosis; cingulos granu- losos quatuor ferentibus ; basi laevi ; labro acuto ; canali brevissimo.
Shell minute, turriculate, and subcylindrical ; whorls numerous, convex, ornamented with four transverse granulated ridges ; base smooth ; outer lip sharp, with very short or emarginate canal.
Axis, § of an inch.
Locality. Cor. Crag, Sutton.
This is not a very abundant shell, and the specimens are generally broken. It appears, however, to differ specifically from C. tuberculare in always having four ridges of granules upon the spire, with a smaller one around the base ; the form of the volu- tion is convex, with the lower portion projecting a little, which gives it a subconoidal form. It appears to correspond with the description given by Delia Chiaje, but I am not acquainted with the shell he describes. It differs also, I conceive, from C. vari- culosum in being much more elongate, and by having a deeper suture, and fewer costae. In C. variculosum there are eighteen costse in the last volution ; in this they are from ten to twelve. In the figures these characters are not sufficiently distinguished.
6. CERITHIUM CRIBRARIUM. 8. Wood. Tab. VIII, fig. 7, a — b.
CERITHIUM CRIBRARTUM. S. Wood. Catalogue 1842.
C. Testa minima, subulatd, elongatd, tenui ; anfractibus numerosis, convexis, cwgulis quatuor ornatis, longitudinaliter decussatis ; basi Icevi ; canali brevissimo.
Shell minute, tapering, and elongate, thin, and fragile, with numerous convex
72 MOLLUSCA FROM THE CRAG.
volutions, ornamented with four or five elevated transverse ridges, decussated by elevated lines of growth ; base naked ; canal very short.
Axis, | of an inch.
Locality. Cor. Crag, Sutton.
A few imperfect specimens of what I had considered in my Catalogue as a distinct species are in my cabinet ; they appear to differ from the preceding in the absence of the granules upon the transverse bands ; it is possible it may be only an altered form, although at least twenty fragments present the same characters ; but better specimens are necessary for such a determination. Its present name may therefore be considered only as provisional.
7. CERITHIUM PERPULCHRUM. S. Wood. Tab. VIII, fig. 10, 10 #.
C. Testa parvd, conico-turritd, vel subulatd ; spird elevatd ; apice acuminato ; an- fractibus 10 — 11, convexiusculis, cingulos tres vel quatuor obtusos ferentibus, interstitiis tenuissime striatis, longitudinaliter obsolete plicatis ; labro subsinuato ; canali brevissimo.
Shell small, elongato-conical, or turriculate, with an elevated spire, and acute apex; volutions slightly convex, furnished with three or four obtuse transverse ridges, having fine striae between them, obsoletely plicated longitudinally ; canal very short ; outer lip subsinuated and slightly recurved, with a somewhat expanded inner lip.
Axis, J an inch.
Locality. Cor. Crag, Gedgrave.
One specimen in my own cabinet, and two from that of Mr. Daniel, are all that I have seen, and these are somewhat in an altered condition, with a slightly eroded surface. It bears a resemblance to C. turritettatum, Deshayes (Coq. foss. des Env. de Paris, p. 415, pi. 49, f. 10-11), but is much more tapering in form, with rather less convex volutions, and has more distinct longitudinal plicae, produced by a slight reflec- tion of the outer lip ; the two ridges of the lower part of the volution are the most prominent, particularly the one around the edge of the base. The lower part of the outer lip is a good deal expanded, and the inner lip considerably spread. It is a pretty shell, and I was unwilling it should be unfigured, but, like the preceding one, better specimens are necessary for correct determination.
SECT. /3. SINISTRAL.
8. CERITHIUM ADVERSUM. Mont. Tab. VIII, fig. 8, 8 a.
MUREX ADVERSUS. Mont. Test, Brit. p. 271, 1803.
CERITHIUM ADVERSUM. Brown, lllust. Brit. Conch, pi. 48, fig. 64 (male), 1827.
S. Wood. Catalogue 1842. TRIFORIS AD VERSA. Lovtn. Ind. Moll. Scand. p. 21, 1846.
C. Testa minntd, subcylindricd, sinistrorsd ; anfractibus planis, cingulos tres granosos ferentibm ; apice acuto ; canali brevi recurvo, subclauso.
GASTEROPODA. 73
Shell small, subcylindrical, especially the lower half; volutions flat, with three granulated ridges ; apex acute ; canal short, recurved, and nearly closed.
Axis., -fa of an inch.
Locality. Cor. Crag, Sutton. Recent, Coast of Britain.
This species is not by any means rare in the Coralline beds, though I have not yet seen it from the Red Crag. There is, I think, no doubt of its identity with the recent British shell. It has commonly three granulated ridges on the body of the whorl, the middle one of which is generally the smallest ; and sometimes there are only two, with two plain ones on the base of the last volution. The last whorl is rather contracted, which gives a cylindrical form to the lower half of the shell. A kind of canal is formed at the suture by the elevation of the ridges. The mouth is often broken, and several of my specimens show that it has been repaired by the animal. When perfect, the lower part of the outer lip is a little expanded, giving the mouth a subquadrate form, with a deep sinus in the upper part at the suture. The canals are never quite closed at either extremity of the aperture in any of my specimens.
9. CERITHIUM GRANOSUM. S. Wood. Tab. VIII, fig. 9.
CERITHIUM GKANOSUM. S. Wood. Catalogue 1842.
C. Testa subulato-turritd, sinistrorsd ; apice obtuso; anfractibus convexiusculis, trans- versim quadri vel quinque striatis, striis elevatis, tuberculato-granosis ; canali brevi, recurvo.
Shell elongate, turriculate, and tapering ; whorls sinistral, slightly convex, covered with four or five granular ridges, aperture subcircular ; canal short and recurved.
Axis, f of an inch.
Locality. Cor. Crag, Sutton.
Red Crag, Walton Naze.
Imperfect specimens of this shell are by no means rare, but I have nothing that will show the mouth entire. It appears so very different from the figure and descrip- tion of C. sinistratum, Nyst (Coq. foss. de Belg. p. 541, pi. 42, f. 10), that I cannot imagine the two to belong to the same species, unless the Belgian shell has undergone a material alteration by the removal of the granular ridges. The volutions of the Crag shell are rather more conoidal than convex, with four or five nodose ridges when the shell is perfect; the lower one rather projecting, with a wider space above the suture : my best specimen has twelve volutions and an obtuse apex. The first two whorls differ from the others in being sharply costated longitudinally, and finely striated transversely. The base in all my specimens is free from striae. When the granules are worn down, the surface of the shell appears regularly cancellated.
10
74 MOLLUSCA FROM THE CRAG.
SECT. HOLOSTOMATA. FLEM.
TURRITELLA,* Lam. 1815. TURBO (spec.) Linn.
Gen. Char. Shell elongate and turriculate, generally thick and strong, tapering to an acute apex, volutions numerous ; aperture entire, subcircular, or slightly quadrate ; outer lip thin and sharp, somewhat sinuous ; operculum corneous and spiral.
Shells of this genus are generally well distinguished from those of any other, excepting it be perhaps some aberrant forms of Cerithium ; a more or less emarginate base distinguishes the latter genus, although in some species this character is very imperfectly displayed.
As a genus this is not restricted to any climate, some species being found within the tropics, while others are inhabitants of the coasts of Greenland and Scandinavia, and, according to Mr. J. Sowerby, it appears in the Protozoic rocks (vide Sil. Syst.) ; these shells, however, resemble so much in form those of Murchisonia, that unless the specimens are very perfect it would be difficult to distinguish them. There is, however, a well-marked species from the Greensand formation. (Vide Min. Con. t. 565.)
1. TURRITELLA COMMUNIS. Eisso. Tab. IX, fig. 9, a—b. TURBO TEREBRA. Mont. Test. Brit. p. 293, 1803.
TURRITELLA COMMUNIS. Risso. Hist. Nat. des princ. Prod, de 1'Europe, iv, p. 106, fig. 37, 1826. TEREBRA. J. Sow. Min. Conch, t. 565, fig. 3, 1827.
Woodward. Geol. of Norf. p. 44, 1833. LINN.EI. Desk. Exp. de Moree, torn, iii, p. 146.
Dujard. Me"m. de la Soc. Geol. de France, p. 287, 1837. TEREBRA. S. Wood. Catalogue 1842. COMMUNIS. Phil. En. Moll. Sic. vol. ii, p. 160, 1844. PLEBEIA. Say. Lyell in Proc. of Geol. Soc. 1845, vol. iv, pt. 3, p. 554.
T. Testa turrita, subulatd; anfractibus convexiusculis ; transversim lineatis; lineis 8 — 10, elevatis acutimculis; cequalibus, vel intequalibus, cinctis.
Shell turriculate and tapering, with very slightly convex volutions ; covered with 8 — 10 fine ridges, sometimes equally distributed, at others rather irregular in size and number ; outer lip sinuous.
Axis, 1} inch.
Locality. Red Crag, Sutton.
Mam. Crag, Bramerton and Bridlington. Recent, British Seas.
This shell is given by Professor E. Forbes, in his ( Report upon the Existing Fauna and Flora of the British Isles,' as a Coralline Crag species. I have no specimen from that formation. It is,