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LIVES

or THE

AECHBISHOPS OF CANTEEBUEY.

VOL. II. ^nglo-|[onnmt ^triob.

LONDON

FBINTBS BI SPOTTISWOODE AND CO.

NEW-STEEHX SQUAEB

LIVES

AECHBISHOPS Of CAKTEEBUEY.

BY

WALTEE FAEQUHAE HOOK, D.D.

DEAN OF CHICHESTER.

VOLUME n. ANGI.O-NORMAN PERIOD.

Ulftory vbieh may b» called jut and perfect history is of three Undi, aeearfing to the otoeet vbleh it propoDDdeib or pretendcth to repment : for it either repraenteth a time, or a fxtoa, or an action. The first we call Chroniclet, the Mcood lAJts, and the third Narratives or Briatiwifc Of ibca^ although Chronicles be the moat complete and absolute kind of liiatory, and hath moat miiiiilinii and gimty, Tct Liies exeellrth in profit and ose, and Narratires or Bdatioiu in rerity or tiiiccri^. VoCJ) Bacox.

.b

LONDON: EICHAED BEXTLET, NEW BUELINGTON STEEET,

^nblisber in ©rbinarg to ^er piajestg. 1862,

The right of trwulalion it retened.

CONTENTS

THE SECOND VOLUME.

CHAPTER I.

INTRODCCTORT.

Character of the Age. — Important epoch. — I. State of society. — Strug- gle for power. — Feudalism. — Tyramiy of the Barons. — The Church democratic.^Intense selfishness of the age. — Profligacy of a Norman Castle. — Eeign of terror. — Condition of Anglo-Saxons. — Villeins. — Towns and cities. — Fusion of races. — II. Monastic Institutions. — Their importance ; opposed to the Castle. — Their civilising influ- ence : a Sanctuary ; a Eefuge for the penitent ; a Poor-house ; an Inn ; a School ; a "Workshop ; a Seat of learning ; Nvusery of great men. — Presbyterian principle of Monasteries. — Tendency to corruption. — The causes. — Mean and dastardly spirit of monks.

— III. Papal poUcy. — Gregory VU. — Innocent III. — IV. Crusades.

— Impulse given to civilisation. — Corruption of the age. — Pilgrim- ages. — Peter the Hermit. — Councils of Placentia and Clermont. — Palmers. — Godfrey of Bouillon. — Great Advantages resulting from the first Crusade. — Diminution of baronial power. — Authority of the Kings. — Influence of Towns. — Providential uses answered by wars. — V. Chivalry opposed to the selfishness of the age. — Honour paid to ladies. — Tendency to Mariolatiy. — Beneficial effects of Chivalry. — VI. Universities. — Characteristics of the Uni- versity system. — Oxford and Glimbridge, — Want of public docu- ments till the reign of King John ..... Page 1

A 4

VI CONTENTS OF

CHAP. 11.

LANFEANC. *

Birtli, parentage, and education. — Success as a lawyer. — Probable cause of his leaving Italy. — I. Life as a student. — Success at Avranclies and probable cause. — Ignorance of theology. — Con- version. — Probably a Avidower. — Eetirement to Bee. — Success as a teacher. — Enlargement of monastery. — Lanfranc appointed Prior. — Letter of Berengarius. — Transubstantiation. — Lanfranc denounces marriage of the Dulce of Normandy with Matilda of Flanders. — Ordered out of the country. — Reconciled to the Duke.

— Visits Eome and obtains a dispensation for the royal marriage.

— St. Stephen's, Caen. — Lanfranc Abbot. — His munificence. — Notice of his writings. — Declines the Archbishopric of Rouen. — II. Conduct as Archbishop. — Reluctance to accept the see of Canter- bury.— Odo Bishop of Bayeux. — Charta Regis. — Lanfranc elected and consecrated. — Sad condition of the country. — He desires to resign. — Obliged to go to Rome for pall. — Affectionate reception by Alexander II. — Returns to England. — Royal proclamation for restoration of Church property. — Trial on Penenden Heath. — Lanfranc's wealth and munificence. — Rebuilds Canterbury Cathe- dral. — Converts Cathedral into a Conventual Church. — Statutes.

— Controversy with the Monks of St. Augustine. — Riots at Glas- tonbury. — Use of Sarum. — Basis of Book of Common Prayer. — Peculiars. — Angry letter to Bishop of Chichester. — Controversy with Archbishop of York. — ^Visit to Bee. — Lanfranc Justiciary.

— Disgrace of Odo. — Resistance to Pope. — Ecclesiastical polity.

— Irish Church. — Lanfranc's relations with Anglo-Saxons. — Letter to Margaret Queen of Scots. — Wulfstan, Bishop of Worces- ter. •; — Coronation of Rufus by Lanfranc and Wulfstan. — Death of the Archbishop ........ Page 73

CHAP. III.

ANSELM.

Bom at Aosta. — Early piety. — Lapse into immorality. — A pupil of Lanfranc. — I. Cloistral life. — A monk at Bee. — Prior of Bee. — His wisdom as a preceptor. — Abbot of Bee. — Receives lay investiture.

— Anecdotes. — Female friends. — Ghost story. — II. State of the Church of England. — William Rufus Anselm in England. — Visits

THE SECOND VOLUME. Vll

the King. — Anselni's want of tact. — Rixfus offended with Ansehn. — Singular form of prayer drawn up by Ansehm. — lUnessof the King.

— Ctuious scenes. — Anselm Archbishop. — Receives investiture from the King. — Does homage. — Interruption at Consecration. — Arch- bishop of York. — Anselm offends the King by offering only five himdred pounds. — Anselm at Hastings. — Foppery of the young men rebuked. — Anselm again offends the King. — Bishops in vain interpose. — Anselm impracticable. — Illegal conduct in accepting Urban as Pope. — Council at Rockingham. — Ansehn's perverse- ness. — Bishops loyal to the King. — ^Violent discussions. — Anselm's insolence. — King's mean-spirited conduct. — King acknowledges Urban. — PaU brought by Bishop of Albano. — Reconciliation of King and Archbishop. — Ansehn receives the paU at Canterbury. — Bishop of Dublin consecrated. — Anselm negligent of feudal duty. — Accused by the King. — AppUes for leave to go to Rome. — Per- mission refused. — Council at Winchester. — Ansehn fanatical. — Good and loyal conduct of the Bishops. — Bishops unable to per- suade Anselm to obey the laws of the Church and realm of England.

— King's rage. — III. Anselm leaves England without permission.

— Divided state of the Church on the Continent; two Popes. — Anselm at Rome; at San Salvator. — Council of Ban. — Eloquence of Anselm. — "William of Warelwast's bribery at Rome. — No redress for Ansehu. — Goes to Lyons. — Literary labours. — Summoned to England by Henry I. — Joyful return. — Good conduct of the King.

— Anselm raises the investiture controversy for fii-st time in Eng- land.— Prudent conduct of the King. — Bishops and Clergy loyal.

— Church of England stiU independent. — "WiUiam of Warelwast at Rome. — King and Archbishop friends. — Henry seeks delay in the Investiture controversy. — Anselm wiU not permit Papal legate to come to England. — Synod at "Westminster. — Anselm goes again to Rome. — Roman authorities bribed. — "Vacillation of the Pope. — Anselm at Lyons. — Anselm threatens to excommtmicate the King. Compromise about investitures. — Henry's sound policy. — IV. An- sehn's return to Canterbury. — Triumphant reception. — Henry's kind treatment of him. — Synod of London. — Anselm's various works. — Scholasticism. — Death ..... Page 169

CHAP. IV.

RALPH OF ESCURES.

Malmesbury's character of Ralph. — His father, lord of Escures, after- wards a monk at Seez. — Ralph's early life with his noble relations.

VUl CONTENTS OF

— Joins his father as a monk at St. Martin's in Seez. — Becomes Subprior, Prior, Abbot. — "With Robert de Belesme at the siege of Shrewsbury. — Driven by De Belesme from his monastery. — Refuge in England. — Present at the disinterment of St. Cuthbert. — Friend of Anselm and Gundulf — Consecrated Bishop of Rochester.

— Administrator of Canterbury on Anselm's death Translated to

the metropolitan see. — Resolves to maintain the independence of the Church of England. — Disturbed state of the Church universal.

— Controversy with York. — Thurstan's inconsistent conduct.— Two Popes at Rome. — King of England chooses Calixtus II. — Council of Rheims. — Independence of the Chui-ch of England offensive to the authorities of the Church of Rome. — Disingenuous conduct of Thurstan and the Pope. — Pope, in spite of his pledges to the contrary, consecrates Thurstan to the see of York. — Church of England insulted by the Church of Rome. — Controversy about the pall. — Pall sent by Anselm, the late Archbishop's nephew. — In- dependence of the Church of England asserted by peers and prelates. — Legate of the Church of Rome not permitted to act in England,

— Ralph's journey to Rome. — Miserable state of the Church of Rome, — Bishops of Dublin and St. David's consecrated. — Eadmer refuses St. Andrew's. — Ralph afflicted by paralysis. — His temper soured. — Strange scene at marriage of Henry I. — Jurisdiction of Archbishops over all England. — Death of Ralph . . Page 277

CHAP. V.

WILLIAM OF CORBEUIL.

Birth, parentage, education unknown. — Clerk to Ralph Flambard, Bishop of Durham. — Prior of St. Osyth. — Council at Gloucester. — Party spirit in Church of England. — Elected Archbishop. — Consecrated by Bishop of London. — Controversy with Thurstan.

— Called William de Turbine. — John of Crema permitted to open legatine commission in England. — Afraid to summon a council in the Pope's name. — Council of Westminster. — Indig- nation of English churchmen at the legate's conduct. — Canons of the council. — Archbishop William goes to Rome. — First primate of England who accepts a legatine commission. — Pope's BuU. — Parish priests. — Their function. — Tithes not granted to them. — Difficulty of enforcing celibacy of the clergy. — Clergy purchased their wives fi'om the King. — Council at Windsor decide against the pretensions of the Archbishop of York. — Consecration of Canterbury Cathe- dral.— Coronation of Stephen. — The Archbishop censiired. — His death 302

THE SECOXD VOLUME. IX

CHAP. VI.

THEOBALD.

Theobald, third Archbishop from Abbey of Bee. — Became Subprior, Prior, and Abbot of Bee. — Party spirit in the Church of Nor- mandy.— Archbishop of Rouen opposed to Theobald. — Reconci- liation of the Abbot and Archbishop effected by Peter of Clugni. — Theobald invited to England by Stephen and his Queen. — Power of Barons. — ^Weakness of King. — Mushroom Earls. — Miserable condition of the coTintry. — Anarchy in Church. — Two Popes in Rome. — Stephen chooses Innocent. — Henry of Blois. — L^ate Alberic. — Papal aggression. — Synod of "Westminster. — Manoeuvres of King and Queen. — Theobald elected primate. — Henry of Blois Pope's legate. — I. Archbishop's household. — His court the resort of the learned. — John of Salisbury. — Thomas a Becket. — Description of Becket. — Study of civil law introduced. — Legal profession in- troduced.— Prosecution of the Bishops of Salisbury, Ely, and

Lincoln. — King simimoned by Henry of Blois to a council

Stephen represented by Aubrey de Yere. — Archbishop of Rouen King's counsel. — Vacarius introduces study of civil law at Oxford. — Silenced by Stephen. — Study of law folly established. — Theobald sends Becket to Italy to study canon law. — The Decretum. — The forged Decretals. — H. Theobald's ecclesiastical government. — Pope claims sovereignty over the whole Church. — Rapid succession of Popes. — Theobald obtains legatine commission. — Papal policy with regard to legates Attempt to convert Win- chester into a metropolitan see. — Same attempt with respect to St. David's. — Both attempts fail. — CoimcU of Rheims. — Theobald attends in defence of the King. — William of York. — Theobald exiled. — Albigenses, Waldenses, Publicans. — First persecution. — III. Theobald's political conduct. — Loyal to Stephen, but resolute to obtain succession to the crown for Henry Fitz -Empress. — Si^e of Winchester. — Contemporary account. — Theobald refuses to crown Eustace. — Head of the Angevin party. — Crowns Henry II. and Queen. — Recommends Becket as King's Chancellor. — Dis- satisfied with Becket's conduct. — Letters in his last illness to the King and to Becket. — Consecration of Bishop of Lichfield in pri- mate's private chapel, — Theobald's last will. — His death . Page 321

X . CONTENTS OF

CHAP. VII.

BECKET.

His early history. — Born in London. — Baptized at St. Mary Cole- Churcli. — His name. — Educated at Merton and London. — Becomes a member of the household of Richard de I'Aigle. — His taste for natural history and horticulture. — Goes to Paris. — In Eightpenny's office. — Introduced to Archbishop Theobald. — Studies at Bologna. — Diplomatic success. — I. Becomes Chancellor to Henry II. — Nature of the office. — Curia Eegis. — Case of Battle Abbey. — Courts of justice instituted. — Judicial functions. — Scutage. — War of Toulouse. — Becket a soldier, — Embassy to France. — Becket an Ambassador. — Theobald's death. — State of the Church. — II. Becket Archbishop. — Appoints Festival of Trinity Sunday in commemora- tion of his consecration. — Ruptiu-e with the King. — Resigns archdeaconry. — Redemption of lands. — King's forbearance. — Council of Toui's. — Splendid reception of Becket. — Schism in the Church of Rome. — Two Popes. — Continued forbearance of the King. — First collision, — State of parties. — Popular party with Becket. — Clerical delinquency. — Council of Westminster. — Rea- sonable demands of the King. — Interview at Northampton. — Bishops opposed to Becket. — Becket agrees to obey the Common Law. — Council of Clarendon. — Constitutions of Clarendon. — Accepted by Becket. — Becket's vacillating conduct. — His penitence. — Negotia- tions with Pope Alexander. — Becket attempts to leave the kingdom. — Interview with Henry. — Assembly at Northampton. — King per- secutes Becket. — Becket's flight. — Visits Pope Alexander at Sens. — III. Politic conduct of Alexander. — Becket at Pontigny. — Dif- ferent accounts of his asceticism and self-indulgence reconciled. — His illness. — His moral and intellectual improvement. — Cruelty of the King to Becket's kindred. — Becket's Violence. — He is restrained by the Pope. — Henry thinks of changing the Pope. — Becket at Soissons. — Examinations at Vezelay. — Removal of Becket to Sens. — Commission of William and Otho. — Conferences at Gisors and Argentin — Commission of Simon, Engelbert, and Bernard. — Con- ference at Montmerail. — Good conduct of the King. — Bad conduct of Becket. — Populace enthusiastic in Becket's favour. — Commission of Gratian and Vivian. — Conference at Montmartre. — Bad conduct of Becket. — Abjuration of the Pope in England. — Henry's change of politics. — Commission of the Archbishop of Rouen and the Bishop of Nevers. — Reconciliation at Freteval. — IV. Becket's re-

THE SECOND VOLUME. XI

tm-n to England. — Triumphant reception. — Visit to London.— Keeps Christmas at Canterbury. — Alarm of Government. — Becket's muider Page 354

CHAP. VIII.

RICHARD.

A Norman by birth A Monk of Christ Church, Canterbury. — One

of Theobald's chaplains. — Though diflfering in politics, a friend of Becket. — Prior of St. Martin's, Dover. — See of Canterbury vacant two years and a half. — Party spirit in Church of England. — Con- troversies about Archbishop. — Richard elected with consent of aU parties. — His consecration opposed by the yoimg King from spite to his father. — Eichard, after delay, consecrated at Anagni. — Eichard a divine rather than a lawyer. — Traduced by the Becketites. — His justice. — No party man. — Important letter. — King Henry's policy and penance. — Conflagration of Canterbuiy Cathedral.- — WUliam of Sens. — English William. — Cathedi-al rebuilt. — Controversies pre- vious to consecration. — Cathedral consecrated. — Synod of Westmin- ster.— DiiEculty in enforcing celibacy of the Clergy. — Archdeacons to shave Clergy, whether they like it or not. — Canon to prevent Clergy with foreign orders from oflSciating in Church of England. — Sale of livings prohibited. — Sopping bread in the Eucharist con- demned.— Controversy with Archbishop of York. — Combat of the two Archbishops in St. Catherine's Chapel. — Constitutions of Claren- don re-established. — The King obtains permission under certain conditions, to implead Clergy. — Becket's principle violated. — Monastic and episcopal systems opposed. — Archbishop of Canterbury rebukes the Pope. — Eeceives the King of France. — The King of France visits Becket's shrine. — The Archbishop excommunicates those Avho sow dissension between King and his sons. — Officiates at young King's funeral. — Death. — Eeligious hatred . . 508

CHAP. IX.

BALDWIN.

Bom at Exeter. — Uncle of Joseph the poet. — A schoolmaster. — Archdeacon of Exeter. — A monk of the Cistercian abbey of Ford.

— Severe discipline of the Gstercians. — His enthusiasm as a monk. — Abbot of Ford. — Entliusiasm subsides. — Bishop of Worcester.

— Gilbert de Plumpton. — On death of Archbishop Richard, party

Xll CONTENTS OF ,

feeling strong in the Church. — Baldwin Archbishop. — Curious cir- cumstances attending his election. — Controversy with the monks of his cathedral. — Baldwin attempts to remove the election of primate from the chapter of Christchurch. — Designs to erect his cathedra at Hackington. — King and Clergy with the Archbishop. — Papal inter- ference.— Papal authority defied. — Eanulph de Glanville inhibits the papal legates. — Papal excommunications disregarded by Clergy of the Church of England. — Monks rebuked by Ranulph de Glan- ville for attachment to Eome. — The monks finally triumph. — Hackington scheme given up. — Lambeth puixhased. — Baldwin takes the cross as a crusader. — White cross adopted for England. — Special service for the crusade. — Baldwin preaches the crusade in Wales. — Giraldus Cambrensis. — Coronation of Richard I. — Council of Pipewell. — Baldwin consigns the care of his diocese to Bishop of London. — Letter to the Pope. — Baldwin sails for Palestine. — Laws enjoined on crusaders. — Archbishop lands in Palestine. — His first battle. — Defence of his conduct. — Immorality of the crusaders. — Grief of Baldwin. — Dies in Palestine . . . Page 539

CHAP. X.

REGINALD FITZ-JOCELIN.

Son of the Bishop of Salisbury. — Status of the children of the Clergy. — Reginald Archdeacon of Salisbury. — Church in state of great confusion. — Reginald elected to Bath and Wells. — Accompanies Archbishop Richard to Rome. — Returns to England and is en- throned.— Description of Bath. — Controversy between Wells and Bath. — Union of the two sees. — Reginald in favour with the monks of Canterbury, although formerly an opponent of Becket. — Death of Archbishop Richard. — Candidates for the see of Canterbury. — — Reginald unexpectedly elected. — Opposition of Government. — Public feeling in favour of Reginald. — His election confii-med. — His illness ......... 574

CHAP. XI.

HUBERT WALTER.

Nephew to Ranulph de Glanville. — Chaplain to Ranulph. — Educated as a lawyer. — Dean of York. — Bishop of Salisbury. — Joins the crusade. — Arrives at Acre. — Demoralised condition of the cru- saders.— Hubert an earnest and frequent preacher. — Assumes the

THE SECOXD VOLUME. XUl

command of the English contingent in the crusading army. — Critical state of the army. — Bishop of Salisbury distinguished as a general. — Letter to Bishop of London. — King Richard's arrival at Acre. — Bishop of Salisbury's valour in attacking the town. — Fore- most in every work of charity and religion. — Short daily service in the army on march. — Hubert's vigilance as a field-officer. — Hubert a skilful diplomatist. — Illness of King Richard. — Panic in the army. — Confidence restored by the energy of Hubert. — Effects a truce with Saladin, which Richard approves. — Hubert visits Jerusa- lem.— Cordially received by Saladin. — Saladin's opinion of Richard. — Hubert's courtesy. — Visits Richard when a prisoner in Germany.

— Deputed by King to raise his ransom in England and to cormter- act the intrigues of John. — Returns to England. — Vic^erent of the kingdom. — Takes up arms and reduces the garrison of Windsor.

— Concludes a truce with John. — Raises the ransom. — Archbishop of Canterbury. — Justiciary or Chief Justice of England. — Diffi- culties of his position. — Conduct of Prince John. — The Archbidiop lays siege to Marlborough. — Richard in England. — Archbishop's wise government. — Raises money by selling charters to the towns. — Issues a proclamation against vice. — Pays attention to commercial afiairs. — His controversy with Fitz-Osbert. —Description of Lon- don.— London riots. — Determination of Hubert. — His xmpopu- larity. — Heads an expedition against the "Welsh. — Resigns office as Justiciary. — Crowns King John. — Lord Chancellor. — His high character as a statesman. — Controversy with Giraldus Cambrensis. — Letter fi-om Hubert. — Conciliatory conduct of the Archbishop. — Hubert's conduct as legate. — Visitation of the Province of York. — Synod at "Westminster. — Vicarages first established. — Controversy with the monks of Canterbury about Lambeth. — Pope issues a bull in favour of the monks. — Monks threatened by the King with severe penalties for attending to the bull. — Sabbatarian controversy. — Abbot of Flaye. — Hubert's munificence. — His placable disposition.

— Lives on good terms with the monks of Canterbury. — Last solemn sermon. — His bequests. — His death . . . Page 584.

CHAP. XH.

STEPHEN LANGTOX.

Dearth of contemporary information. — Parents. — Brother. — Studies at University of Paris. — Poet, schoolman, Biblical scholar. — Pre- bendary of Notre Dame and York. — Friend of Lothaire. — Lothaire Pope Langton, Cardinal of St. Chrysogonus. — Office of Cardinal.

XIV CONTENTS OF THE SECOND VOLUME.

— Monks elect Sub-prior of Canterbury to Primacy. — John pro- cures election of De Gi-ay. — Each party appeals to Innocent IIL — He annuls both elections. — I, Consecration of Langton. — John's indignation. — Monks expelled. — Simon Langton's interview with John. — John refuses to receive Langton as Archbishop. — Interdict declared. — Langton at Pontigny. — Versatility of his genius. — Ori- ginal letter. — Interdict only partially observed. — John menaced with excommunication. — Ports guarded. — Arrangement for interview with Langton. — Unsuccessful negotiation with Pandulph. — John's unpopularity. — Innocent deposes John. — Crusade against England.

— King of France commander. — Independent feelings of the Eng- lish aroused. — Yorkshire hermit's prediction. — John sends for Pandulph. — Becomes vassal @f Pope. — Charter of submission. — Langton arrives in England. — Meets John at Winchester. — John's oath. — Archbishop heads opposition to King and Pope. — Clergy defrauded by legate. — Remonstrance of Langton and clergy. — Pandulph and Simon Langton go to Eome. — Interdict revoked. — Discontent in Church and State. — 11. Langton as a statesman and politician. — Leader of baronial confederacy against John. — Barons successful only under his direction. — Council of St. Alban's. — Langton discovers Charter of Henry. — Barons swear to contend for it. — Meet at St. Edmondsbury. — Langton threatens the King's army with excommunication. — Deputation at Oxford. — John rejects peti- tion.— Barons attack Northampton. — Occupy London. — Army of God and the Church. — Treaty of London. — John's followers disperse. — Magna Charta. — John's energy. — Siege of Rochester Castle. — Pandulph sent by John to Pope for aid. — Langton resolves to foUow and counteract him. — Papal envoys order him to annul Magna Charta. — Refusal and suspension of Langton. — Pandulph's mis- representations. — Papal bulls against Magna Charta and baronial party. — Extraordinary position of Pope. — England under John's

banditti. — Prince Louis of France invited to England Langton

at Rome. — John's death. — Langton's return. — Desires to retire from public life. — Council of London. — Still mindful of English liberty. — Crowns Henry III. — Eleanor of Brittany. — Rebukes William Brewer. — Council of Westminster. — Legate Otho. — Strange proposal. — Langton's ecclesiastical administi-ation. — Super- stition.— Becket's translation. — Langton's retirement. — Death.

SUCCESSION

AECHBISHOPS AND CONTE^IPOEAEY KINGS.

Archbishops.

i c

Consecralors.

i§

1

Contemporary Kings.

"£

<-

Q

fWill. London . . .-|

W. Winchester . .

Giso Wells . . .

Lanfranc ....

1070

W. Hereford . . . H. Sherborn . . . S. Rochester . . . R. Dorchester . . H. Elmham . . . •^Stig. Selsey . . .-

Thorn. York . . .' Maur. London . . Walk. Winchester . Gund. Rochester .

• 1070

1089

( WilUam I. jWiUiamlL

Anselm

1093

Osm. Sarum . . . Robert Hereford . Robert Lichfield . John Bath . . . Ralph Chichester . ^Herbert Thetford .,

Anselm . . . .'

■ 1093

1109

(WiUiam II. (Henry I.

Ralph of Escures . .

1108

Rich. London . . Will. Winchester . Ralph Chichester .

/-Richard London .>

[ Will. Winchester .

Roger Sarum . . .

h 1114

1122

Henry I.

1 William of Corbeuil .

1123

■ 1123

1136

(Heniy L ( Stephen.

Bern. S. David's Jjnulf Rochester .-

cAlberic Ostia . .-^

Henry Winchester .

j

Roger Sarum . .

Simon Worcester .

( Stephen. 1 Henry II.

Theobald ....

1139

SefBrid Chichester . Roger Lichfield . .

1139

1161

1

Alex. Lincoln . .

j

Robert Hereford .

^-Robert Exeter . .-'

1

VOL. XL

XVI

COURSE OF EPISCOPAL SUCCESSION.

Archbishops.

Consecrators.

Contemporary Kings.

Thomas a Becket .

1162

Richard Baldwin

Eeginald Fitz-Jocelin Hubert Walter . .

Stephen Langton . .

1174 1180

1174

1189

1207

cHen. Winchester Nigel Ely . . . Robert Bath . . Jocelin Sarura . Will. Norwich . Hilary Chichester Walt. Rochester Nie. Llandaff Gilbert Hereford Robert Lincoln . Dav. St. David's GeoflF. St. Asaph Richard Lichfield

^art. Exeter .

Alexander III.

Richard . .

( Richard . . (Peter Tarentaise

Baldwin . . Innocent III.

1162

1170

1174 1185

1191

1193

1207

1184 1190

1191

1205

1228

Henry II.

Henry II.

( Henry II. ( Richard I.

Richard I.

(Richard I. I John.

( John.

I Henry in.

TABLE

OF

CONTEMPOEAEY SOVEEEIGNS,

A.D. England, j

Scotland.

Germany.

France.

Pope.

Spain.

1066 William I.

Malcolm in.

Henry IT.

PhiHpI.

Alexander II.

Sancho IV.

(Navarre.)

Sancho I.

(Castile.)

Sancho I.

{Aragon.)

1072

•

•

•

•

Alphonso I. {Castile.)

1073

• •

Gregory Vll.

1076

• •

• •

Sancho V. {Nav. and Jr.)

1085

,

Victor in.

1087

William n.

.

Urban n.

1093

. .

Donald VI.

1094

Duncan II.

Peter L

1096

.

Edgar

{Nav. and Ar.)

1099

. .

Pascal n.

1100 Henry I.

1104

•

.

Alphonso I. {Nav. and Ar.)

1106

Henry V.

1107

Alexander I.

1108

.

Loois VL

1109

•

•

Urraca {Castile.)

1118

,

.

Gelasius II.

1119

,

Calixtus II.

1124

David L

1125

, ,

Lothaire II.

Honorius 11.

1126

•

•

•

Alphonso n. {Castile.)

1130

,

, ,

.

Innocent IL

1133

•

•

• •

•

Garcia V.

{2<'aiarr(.)

1134

•

Ramirez V. {Aragon.)

1135

Stephen

1137

•

•

Louis Vn.

'

Petronilla and Ramondo {Aragon.)

1138

. ^

, ,

Conrad III.

11431 . .

Celestine IL

1144

.

•

Lucius IL

xvii]

L

TABLE OF

CONTEMPORARY SOVEREIGNS.

A.D.

England.

Scotland.

Germany.

France.

Pope.

Spain.

1145

Eugene III.

1150

•

SanchoVI.thp Wise (Navarre)

1152

,

Frederic I.

1153

Malcolm IV.

1154

Henry II.

, ,

,

AnastasiusIV.

1155

Adrian IV.

1157

■ '

• •

•

Sancho II. {Castile.)

1158

•

•

•

•

Alphonso III. {Castile.)

1159

, ,

Alexander III.

1162

• •

•

•

Alphonso II. {Aragon.)

1165

WiUiam I.

1180

.

Philip II.

1181

.

Lucius III.

1185

,

,

Urban III.

1187

.

Gregory VIII.

1188

.

.

Clement III.

1189EichardI.

1190

,

.

Henry VI.

1191

^ ,

Celestine III.

1194

• •

Sancho VII. {Navarre.)

1196

• •

Peter II. (Aragon.)

1198

.

.

Philip

Innocent III.

11 99 John

Otho IV.

1212i . .

,

Frederick II.

12131 . .

.

James I.

(Aragon.)

1214

Alexander II.

•

• ■ •

Henry I.

(Castile.)

1216 Henry III.

1217 . .

• .

•

Honorius III.

Ferdinand III. (Castile.)

I223I . .

,

,

Louis VIII.

1226 . .

^

St.LouisIX.

1227 . .

Gregory IX.

Authorities : — Stubbs, Registmm Sacrum Anglicanum. Le Nere, Fasti Ecclesise Angli- canae : ed. Hardy. Sir Harris Nicolas, Chronology of History.

LIVES

ARCHBISHOPS OF CANTERBURY

BOOK II.

ANGLO-NORMAN PERIOD.

CHAPTEE I.

IXTEODUCTOET.

Cliaracterof the Age. — Important Epoch. — I. State of Society. — Strug- gle for Power. — Feudalism. — Tyranny of the Barons. — The Church democratic. — Intense Selfishnessof the Age. — Profligacy ofa Norman Ciustle. — Reign of Terror. — Condition of Anglo-Saxons. — ViUeins.

— Towns and Cities. — Fusion of Races. — 11. Monastic Institutions.

— Their Importance ; opposed to the Castle. — Their civilising Influ- ence : a Sanctuary ; a Refuge for the Penitent ; a Poor-house ; an Inn ; a School ; a "Workshop ; a Seat of Learning : Nursery of great Men. — Presbyterian Principle of Monasteries. — Tendency to Corruption. — The Causes. — Mean and dastardly Spirit of Monks.

— in. Papal PoUcy . — Gregory Vil. — Innocent III. — TV. Crusades. — Impulse given to Civilisation. — Conniption of the Age. — Pilgrim- ages. — Peter the Hermit. — Councils of Placentia and Clermont. — Palmers. — Godfrey of Bouillon. — Great Advantages resulting from the first Crusade. — Diminution of baronial Power. — Authority of

"iC Kings. — Influence of Towns. — Providential Uses answered by Wars. — V. Chivalry opposed to the Selfishness of the Age. — VOL. II. B

2 LIVER OF THE

Honour paid to Ladies. ^ — Tendency to Mariolatry. — Beneficial Effects of Chivalry. — VI. Universities. — Characteristics of the Uni- versity System. — Oxford and Cambridge. — Want of Public Docu- ments till the Eeign of King John.

CHAP. The present book occupies a period of little more than a ■ — r — ' century and a half. But the years which elapsed be- tory. ' tween William the Conqueror and Henry III., between Lanfranc and Stephen Langton, between Domesday Book and Magna Charta, between Gregory VII. and Inno- cent m., are among the most eventful years in the history of Europe, and especially in the history of England.

It was the age of feudahsm, the character of whicli, unobhterated, is still impressed upon the institutions of the country : it was the age of the Crusades w^iich ga\ c a fresh impulse to the progress of civilisation and opened the literary treasures of Greece, and of the East generally, to the learning of Europe : it was the age of chivalry, which gave to modern civihsation its superiority over tliat of the ancient world, by introducing the courtesies of society, by infusing a spirit of humanity into the opera- tions of war, and by establishing the code of honour, ancillary to the mandates of religion : it was the age when the schoolmen awakened the slumbering mind of Europe, and, by ploughing the intellectual soil, prepared it for the seeds, soon to be sown, of modern science : it was the age in which schools were developed into uni- versities, and places of instruction became seats of learn- ing, connected with, but independent of, the Church : it was the age in which the Courts of Law, emanating from the " Curia Eegis," assumed the place in Westminster HaU which they still retain : it was the age in which that struggle began between the civil and ecclesiastical Powers, which, favourable at first to the pretensions of the Church, terminated only at the Eeformation, when the Church

I

AKCHBISnOPS OF CAXTERBURY. 3

and Eealm of Eiifrland declared the Sovereim to be in chap.

• • I

all causes, and over all persons, ecclesiastical as well as ; _

civil, in these his dominions supreme. "t^y"*^

The period commences with the establishment of Phy- sical force, it concludes with the assertion of Moral right. Men were first taught the necessity of submission to authority, then hmits were prescribed to authority itself, and the governing body was taught that it was responsible to those who, for the general welfare, submitted to be .governed.

It was an age of bad actions but of great men. From experience, and from the greater hght which experience supphes, we have learned to censure many of the objects, to the furtherance of which the men of this epoch directed . their minds, and to condemn the measures to which they resorted for the accomphshment of their ends. But we often find these very men instigated by high and holy motives ; encoiu^aging in themselves and in others principles, which, if Hable to misapphcation, are, nevertheless, of everlasting value ; and laying deep the strong composite foundation of a pohtical edifice, such as ought to secure for them the admiration of a grateful posterity. In the study of history? we learn to adore the Providence of our God, when, in mercy, he frustrates the immediate designs of liis short- sighted creatures. Still more do we admire the Divine Benevolence, when He blesses their weU-intentioned ex- ertions by shaping them to purposes more impoi'tant, and more really in accordance with their desires, than they ventured to anticipate ; when he makes their very failures to be stepping-stones for the advancement of generations yet unborn. We may feel assured that a portion of a good man's happiness in heaven will consist in the contem- plation of the undesigned results of his conduct when on earth ; — in seeing the blessed harvest which, to the glory of God, has sprung up from the seed which he cast upon

B 2

4 LIVES OF THE

CHAP, tlie filthy soil from wliicli he was not permitted to see it

■ 'r — ' emerge.

tory. Among the great men of the age, sometimes as theo-

logians and scholars, at other times as ministers of state, as lawyers, as warriors, and as generals, the primates of England maintained the foremost place, and exercised an influence on the pohtics of Europe. When we men- tion the names of Lanfranc, Anselm, Becket, Hubert, and Stephen Langton, it will be at once perceived that this Book is concerned with the history of heroes, not of saints. The present generation may be ofTendet at seeing archbishops acting as judges, as viceroys, as soldiers ; but the question whether by shrinking fron these offices, in their own time, they could have pei formed the duty which they owed to their fellow-mer can only be answered by those who have duly considered the circumstances under which they were placed, tin difficulties with which they had to contend, and th principles which were, at that time universally received as true, — in one word, the Spirit of the Age.

I. During the whole of this period the struggle wg for power. There was one continual struggle for pow€ between popes and emperors, between kings, bishops, anff barons. Even when Masrna Charta was extorted from Khig John, the direct object was not the assertion of hberty, but the restriction of power.

The cause of this it is not difficult to find. One of the earhest results of the estabhshment of the feudal system was the formation of numerous tyrannical oligarchies, The feudal lord exercised within the boundaries of hi.' estate almost all the rights of sovereignty. Althougl legal forms were not entirely set aside, yet practically hi; will was the only law to himself, his word the only law t( which his retainers gave heed. If by anarchy we meai the triumph of might over right, the country, and Europi

AKCHBISHOPS OF CA^'TERBUKT. 5

generally, were ever on the verge of the worst kind of chap. anarchy, — the lawlessness of armed men hving among a -_ ; _ people miable to obtain weapons for their defence. The "^^lory!^"' eleven hundred castles, which are said to have existed in the time of Stephen, were, in fact, httle less than eleven hundred different states. The baron, indeed, acknow- ledged himself to be the vassal of the Crown, and admitted that, to a certain extent, he was responsible to the king, who, on an appeal to his peers, might call him to account. But when the king was weak, he was defied. It was, tlierefore, a primary object with the king to obtain power to control, and if need were, to coerce his barons.

But the most powerful of the Norman kings, was him- self Httle more than a great baron ; and, although the tyranny of one is less oppressive than the tyranny of many, he was equally ready to set aside the restraints of the law when it suited his convenience. The immense sums of money which were occasionally and suddenly raised, are sufficient to show that the minister of a Norman king, if less cruel than the neighbouring baron, was not less exacting. Power was required to restrain the king, and tliis power was sought by the Chm-ch. The Scriptiu-es of the Old Testament were studied ^dth a zest equal to that of the Puritans of a subsequent period, and the idea of a theocracy was prevalent and popidar. The people groaned beneath the tyranny of the barons ; they too often missed a protector in the sovereign ; they found a friend in the priest, who very frequently rose from their own ranks, to the high position he occupied in society. Priests and bishops were foremost among the demagogues of the day, and in the contentions which we shall have to recount be- tween the primates and the kings of England, we shall find the people invariably on the side of the Church. Every church movement was a popular movement. The Church formed the revolutionary party ; and among the people,

B 3

b LIVES OF TIIE

CHAP, degraded, and to a great extent enslaved, the prevalent __; — - feeling was, that any revolution would be better than the ■^"tory"^" existing state of things. The king became more exacting, from the necessity under which he was placed of sup- porting mercenaries to defend himself against the assaults of barons, church, and people. The Church defied his mercenaries, because the anathema of the ecclesiastic when directed against the ruHng powers, was sure to meet with a deep response in the heart of the people ; who, even to barons and monarchs cased in armour, became formidable from their numbers.

The consequence of this condition of things, was an intensity of selfishness, such as, in modern times, we read of among the ill-governed states of Asia, and of which we had fearful experience in the Indian revolt. We distin- guish between self-love and selfishness. Self-love is an instinct of our nature to which