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—
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PROCEEDINGS
y ey
— (> —
OF THE
AMERICAN PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY
HELD AT PHILADELPHIA
FOR
PROMOTING USEFUL KNOWLEDGE.
ton lis, Za s0nio Insc, % GILL COLLECTION
’ AS tional Wuse®
Vol. XVII.
JUNE 1877 to JUNE 1878.
National Museu PHILADELPHIA : PRINTED FOR THE SOCIETY BY M’CALLA & STAVELY.
1878.
Sie) 7 GK,
PROCEE DINGS. 2 e
HELD AT PHILADELPHIA, FOR PROMOTING USEFUL KNOWLEDGE.
Vou. XVII. ‘May to DEcEMBER, 1877. No. 100.
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
PAGE
PRROOLGH MAELO MEGA PNN oie ee es sie eh dite > Gin cic s nbolets aiacs Gilpin 1
nated, Meeting, TUNE LD: 60.0 (os0 s~ wae be cme 8 de tien s aleere = 2
Sted Mec Die soso. oc agate oan wile ee 4
Stated Meeting, August 17..... Sia (ore at eee e ayrwie'e otal Chace 8
pialed. Meeting, September 21... 2. je. a darcees wees eccees 10
PERO PALE CLOT) < \OCLODEIEO) = chain's... otis 'aciete te iaje esc Ya vc cape 13
MShetem LC ALITUy, —OCLOUGIS Wate 5. '..e.c osc 6 apetwtnln.s.hvevabe sia alage 16
uted meeting, INOVEMUGT & oo... ea we cele wens cael osu) BOB
Ieee CN COLL, INOUETEDEP ALO: <. ssc. ees nclewelce ss ccemes Q72
UTA UIMCHIING = LDGCEMMEN Vaid o s,. seis. oo dldd sass wails cee 274
rmceeeelyng, December 2)... e eee co awe mee ee tehees OFT On the Results of Surveys to Rectify the Railway Levels of North
Wesver rennsylvania: By Johm EF. Carll. 0. cc dice cess cweees 17 Upon some New Chlorine Derivatives from Toluol. By Edgar F.
Sinith ....1.- Nae eee osa,c.0'=-s s 5 babies Waa e opera tesa os ohare 29 Synopsis of the Cold Blooded Vertebrata procured by Prof. Orton in
ere A ee OES swig ti api dieinie\s « + 0.0 osiele wav Eas meine ee ee saanieies ad On the Brain of Procamelus Occidentalis. By HE. D. Bes (with a
plate) en eee f aera crae Nee ee Pare ser chee al rate eRe phakcele ns siete: alarnt tothe 49 On the Vertebrata of the Bone Bed in Eastern linois. ee HE. D.
Ope Pre nteaercs sic etc a owes RECA APRS Ren Tee « avai paateooere 52 On some little known Reptiles and Fishes from the Austroriparian
Scag OS VUE Say) 0 BNO); eee a a, SESS Cae 63
On Dichlorsalicylic Acid. By Hdgar F. Smith..........cece eee ee 68
_ [Continued on 4th page of Cover.)
AMERICAN PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY,
1878.
JANUARY 4, ANNUAL ELECTION OF OFFICERS,
Between the hours of 2 and 5 o clock, P. M.
STATED MEETINGS OF|
OFFICERS, SOCIETY STATED BUSINESS OF THE MEETING. BG COCK) (Chair taken at 8 o'clock.) COUNCIL. P.M.
Jan. 18.) Librarian and Standing Committees chosen. Cata- logue of members read. Candidates for member- ship balloted for.
| Jan. 4. Election of officers reported. Librarian nominated. |
| LENE] oeeecal Feb. 8. | | | Feb. 15. Proeeedings of Officers and Council submitted. hear. A Mar. 15. April 555 April 19. Candidates for membership balloted for. | May ~~ 3.) ° May 10 | May 17 Proceedings of Officers and Council submitted. June 21 bs July 19. Candidates for membership balloted for. Aug. 9 . Aug. 16.! Proceedings of Officers and Council submitted. Sept. 20 Oct. 4. Oct. 18. |} Candidates for membership balloted for. Nov.. 1 Nov. 8.
Nov. 15.} Proceedings of Officers and Council submitted.
| Dee. 6.) Reports of Treasurer and Publication Committee.
Communications for Magellanic Premium consid- ered at this or the next stated meeting.
| Dee. 20.) Report of Finance Committee. Appropriations for
| the succeeding year passed.
OFFICIATING SECRETARIES AND CURATORS.
Secretaries.—J. L. LEConrr, P. E. Cuase, for January, March, May, July, September, November. G. F. Barker, J. P. Lestry, for February, April, June, August, October, December. Uurators —HEcroRTYNDALE, for January, April, July, October. CHARLES M. Cresson, for February, May, August, Novem- ber. DANIEL G. Brenton, for March, June, September, December.
(a¥" 1879. January 3, ANNUAL ELECTION OF OFrFricERs, between the hours of 2 and 5 o’clock, P. M.
PROCEEDINGS
OF THE
Sie Loe N; PHELOSOPHICAL SOCIETY.
Vor. x VIL. JUNE to DECEMBER, 1877. No. 100.
Stated Meeting, May 20th, 1877. Present, 12 members. Vice-President, Mr. Pricz, in the Chair.
Prof. Geo. Stuart and Dr. Rothrock, newly-elected mem- bers, were introduced to the presiding officer and took their seats.
A letter accepting membership was received from Mr. J. Douglass, dated Phoenixville, Pa., May 8, 1877.
Letters of envoy were received from the R. Academy at Amsterdam, December 1, 1876, and from the U. 8S. De- partment of the Interior at Washington.
Letters of acknowledgment were received from the R. A. Amsterdam, January 6, 1877 (95, 97); B.S. N. H., May 10, 1877 (96, 98); Dr. Green, Lib. Rensselaer Pol. Inst., May 11, 1877 (Cat. I-II.).
Donations were received from the R. A., Amsterdam; Ger. Geol. Soc., Berlin; Zool. Gart. Frankfort; N. H. 8. Leip- sig; R. A. d. L., Rome; Vaudois Soc. Lausanne; Geog. Soc. and Rev. Pol. Paris, and Nov. Met.; B. H. N.S.; Mr. Hubert Howe Bancroft, of New York; Mr. W. E. Dubois; Penn Monthly; Med. News and Lib. Philadelphia; Coms. 2d Geol. Sur. Pa.; Howard University, Washington, D. C.;
PROC. AMER. PHILOS. soc. xvir. 100. A. PRINTED JAN. 8, 1878.
2
U.S. Dep. Interior; Botanical Gazette, Logansport, Ind. ; Kansas State Hist. Soc.; Mr. H. 8. Scudder and Mr. Archi- bald Liversidge, Sydney, Australia.
Prof. Cope presented a communication for the Proceedings entitled, “On the Reptilian Bone Bed in East Illinois. By E. D. Cope ;” illustrated the interesting points of the paper, and the doubtful character of the horizon of the formation from which the remains were obtained; but leaned to the view that it was of Permian age. The vertebre of these reptiles are perforated, showing the existence of a chorda dorsalis, a character unknown in living animals except in one New Zealand genus.
Prof. Cope communicated also a paper ‘‘ On some new and little known reptiles and fishes, from the Austro-riparian region of the United States ;” explaining the boundaries of the region, &c.
Nominations 836, 837, 838, were read.
And the meeting was adjourned.
Stated Meeting, June 15th, 1877. Present, 17 members. Vice-President, Mr. Frauey, in the Chair.
Dr. Morehead, a newly elected member, was introduced to the presiding officer and took his seat.
Letters of envoy were received from the Observatory at Turin, dated May 17; the Obs. Harvard Coll., June 5; and the Department of the Interior, May 27, 1877.
Letters of acknowledgment were received from the Asiatic Society of Japan (93 to 97); the R. Acad. Linc., Rome (XII, XIII, i, ii, XIV, XV, i, ii, and Proc. Vols. 8 to 14); Insti- tute of Luxembourg, May 5 (95, 97); R. Astron. Society, May 9 (96, 98); Soc. of Antiquaries, London, May 11 (96, 98); London Statistical Society, May 11 (96, 98); and the Victoria Institute, May 8 (96, 98).
ca
3
Donations for the Library were reported from the Mining Bureau at Melbourne; School of Mines at Ballarat; R. Danish Society; Imp. Academies at Berlin, Vienna and Bruxelles; the Scientific Club at Vienna; Art Union at Ulm; R. Observatory at Turin; M. Aless. Dorna; R. Acad. at Rome; M. F. De Saussure and Rev. Pol. Paris; R. So- ciety, R. Institution, R. Ast. Society, Meteor. Committee, and Nature, London; Lord Lindsay ; Canadian Journal of Sciences, Toronto; B.S. N. History; Observatory at Har- vard College; Amer. Chemist; Franklin Institute, Acad. Nat. Sciences, Jour. Pharmacy, Med. News, Penn Monthly, and Zoological Society at Philadelphia; Prof. E. D. Cope ; Mr. Horace W. Smith; Mr. Joel A. Allen; the U.S. Fish Commission; U.S. War Department; Mr. Edwin A. Bar- ber; Botanical Gazette of Logansport, Ind. ; Wisconsin State Historical Society ; M. Barcena, of Mexico; and Silliman’s Journal.
A copy of the Proceedin laid upon the table.
The death of Mr. Edmund Quincy, a member of the Society, was announced by the Secretary.
Dr. Sadtler read a paper entitled, “* Dichlorsalicylic Acid, by Dr. Edgar F. Smith, Ph.D.”
Pending nominations Nos. 836, 837, 838, were read.
The chairman of the Committee on the Wootten process, Dr. R. E. Rogers, read the following report :
oO ro)
s, No. 99, just published, was
The Committee to whom was referred the examination of Mr. John E. Wootten’s method of utilizing coal dirt from the waste heaps in the anthra- cite mining regions by the Resolution of the Society of November 17, and December 1, 1876, respectfully report :
Unanimously, that the method of Mr. Wootten as exhibited to them is meritorious and successful.
But they disagree as to its originality ; and they therefore prefer to refer the question of the award of the premium to the Society.
Signed by R. E. Rogers, Wm. A. Ingham, J. Blodget Britton, Robert Briggs and Geo. F. Barker.
After a full statement of their individual opinions had been made by the members of the Committee who were present,
4
Dr. Rogers moved the following Resolution :
Resolved, That in view of the originality, merit and success of Mr. Wootten’s process for utilizing coal waste, Mr. Wootten be awarded the to} premium above referred to.
After discussion on which resolution it was
Resolved, That the Report be recommitted to the Committee, with in- structions that all competing methods be considered by the Committee which shall be presented to its consideration within three months after public advertisement by the Society in two city papers once a week for three weeks ; the function of the Committee being clearly understood to be to report on the success, the originality, and the merits* of the process.
And the Society was adjourned at 11 o’clock, p. m.
Stated Meeting, July 20th, 1877. Present, 16 members.
Vice-President, Mr. Fraury, in the Chair.
Prof. H. Draper, a newly-elected member, was introduced to the presiding officer and took his seat.
Visitor, Mr. Wallace, of Ansonia, Conn.
A photograph of Mr. Sears C. Walker was received from the Smithsonian Institution, for the album.
Letters of acknowledgment were received from the R. §. of Tasmania, Dec. 27, 1876 (92, 98, 94); R. D. A. Copen- hagen, June 16, 1877 (96, 98); N. H. Union at Bremen, July 1, 1877 (96,* 98) (* asks for 97 not received); A. d. L. Rome (97); Triibner & Co, London, June 29, 1877 (96,* 98); N. Hampshire Hist. Soc. July 2, 1877 (99); and the Chicago Hist. Soc. June 14 and 29, 1877 (94, 95, 96, 97, 98).
Letters from the R. Acad. Berlin, June 15, July 2, were received, requesting missing pages Proc., Vol. VII, pp. 121- 163, and Vol. LX, 1870, plates 6, 7, 8.
A letter from the Bureau of Education, Washington, D. C., was received, requesting replies to inquiries respecting meetings and publications.
* Mr, Briggs wished the attention of the Society to be drawn to a clerical error in the printed Proceedings of December 1, 1876, whereby the word “merits” was omitted.
5
Letters of envoy were received from the R. Norw. Uni- versity; K. K. Z. B. G. Vienna; N. G. Bamburg; and the U.S. Depart. Interior, Washington.
Donations for the Library were received from the R. 8S. Tasmania; Phys. C. Obs. St. Petersburg; R. Nor. Univ. Christiania; K. K. Geol. R. Vienna; Anthro. G. and K. K. fabs G. Vienna; D: Geol. G. Berlin; K. li. CC. A; DN: Dresden (with a letter requesting a renewal of the old cor- respondence*) ; Ed. Haus und Landwirthschatt Kalendar, Mich Viet. Ku AC Ulm: No WG. “Bamburg As d. L. Rome; Portuguese Commissioners to the Centennial Exhibition; 8. de Geog., Ed. Annales des Mines, and Revue Politique, Paris; R. A. Brussels; Astronomical Society, Royal 8. of Antiquaries, Zoological Society, and Nature, London; R. Cornwall Pol. Society; N. H. 8. Newcastle- upon-Tyne; Director of Geol. Survey, Canada; Ed. Cana- dian Jourual of Science; Essex Institute; A. Acad. A. and S.; Boston N.-H. 8.; Mass. State Board of Health; 8S. H. Seudder, Cambridge; Ed. Science Observer, Boston; Am. Jour. Science and Arts; Yale College; Geol. Survey New York, Prof. Hall, Albany; Young Men’s Association, Buf- falo; Acad. N.S. Philadelphia; Franklin Institute; Jour. of Pharmacy; Jour. of Med. Sciences; Med. News and Ii- brary; Penn Monthly; E. D. Cope, Philadelphia; Peabody Institute, Baltimore; Dep. Int. Washington; Chicago Acad. Sciences; Ed. Botanical Gazette, Ind.; M. Barcena, Mexico.
* On motion of Dr. LeConte, it was resolved that the Kais. Leopold. Carol. Academie at Dresden be restored to its place on the list of correspondents, and that it be sup- plied with all missing volumes of Transactions and num- bers of Proceedings as far as possible. (See Mar. 3, 1876.)
Dr. Draper read and explained a paper, entitled “ Dis- covery of Oxygen in the Sun by Photography, and a new theory of the Solar Spectrum, by Prof. Henry Draper, M.D.”
Prof. Barker expressed his pleasure at hearing this paper, which in his opinion was the most important contribution
6
to Solar Physics made in America in this century. Grant- ing the fact of the existence of bright lines in the solar spec- trum, and no one after seeing Prof. Draper’s photographs on collodion could doubt the fact, all the new views expressed in this paper follow as a matter of course. The bright lines are not only clearly apparent when looked for, but are nu- merous.
Mr. Chase joined in the tribute of merited admiration for Dr. Draper’s brilliant discoveries, and suggested that a possible explanation for the dif- ferent action of different elements might be found in differences of density and elasticity.
W. M. Hicks (L. E. and D. P. Mag, June 1877), by special assumptions,
and by a mistake in calculation (see his note in P. Mag, July 1877), ob- ; Pek
tains the ratio — — 1.423. He says: ‘‘If, then, the two atoms of a molecule c
have separated, there seem only two ways of accounting for it. Hither their relative motion becomes so large as to overcome the force of attrac- tion, or some external force must act upon them, which can be nothing less than a reaction between them and some other molecule. The latter is the hypothesis I have adopted in the following investigation.”” My own ratio, based on relative motions (Proc. Am. Phil. Soc., xiv., 651), is e! ce accidental, but it is none the less curious. The reasoning upon which it was based seems to justify both my own views of the kinetic energies in perfect gases, and Hicks’s view of the importance of temperature relations in coercible gases.
In a mass, like the Sun, which is presumably at or near the point of dis- sociation, gaseous permanence and gaseous density would both contribute to a change of elliptic into linear radial oscillations, which would have ac- quired their mean velocity at points ranging between about 180,000 miles, and 260,000 miles above the Sun’s surface. It is, therefore, quite possible, especially if hydrogen is metallic, that oxygen, carbon, and other non- metals, may have greater centrifugal tendencies than hydrogen and metallic vapors. Perhaps spectroscopic observations near the Sun’s poles may present some contrasts with equatorial observations, which will help towards a settlement of the question.
= 27? + (72+ 4) = 1.423. This coincidence is, of course, purely
Prof. Barker communicated a “ Note on the exactitude of the French normal fork; a reply to the paper of Mr. A. J. Ellis; by Rudolph Konig, Ph.D,” of Paris; and said that the matter was one of great importance; for if Mr. Ellis’ attack could be sustained no confidence could be placed in
7
and therefore no use could be made by physicists of the large and valuable instruments in the physical laboratory of the University of Pennsylvania made by Dr. Konig, of Paris. He was happy, therefore, to be able to place on record so complete a refutation of the unwarranted assertions of Mr. Ellis by the aid of Prof. Helmholtz and Prof. Meyer of Hoboken.
Prot. Lesley communicated a paper, entitled “ Note on the probable derivation of Muzapios from the Egyptian formula Mazeru after proper names,” and explained his views of the appearance of such sacerdotal terms in early times on the monuments of Egypt and in later times in the literature of Greece and Rome. He suggested the possible etymology of odfius, vASudatnwv (—=cvdatpwv) from the Egyptian alp, arp, vine, wine, in the sense of jucundus, joyous ; while pazay corresponded to the Hebrew barak, beatus, blessed. In like manner the fat of the monuments reappears in the Latin tutus, safe, secure, permanent, unshakeable, and possibly in totus, the cosmos, or established order, &e.
Prof. Chase suggested a mode of reaching the demonstra- tion of bright lines in the solar spectrum by mathematical relations between four elementary formule of the solar sys- tem based on the nebular hypothesis.
Prof. Cope communicated two papers, entitled, ‘‘ On a new species of Adocide from the Tertiary of Georgia;’ and “Tenth Contribution to the Herpetology of Tropical Amer- ica; by E. D. Cope.”
Upon a report from Mr. E. K. Price, Chairman of the Committee on the Michaux Legacy, it was
Resolved, That three copies of the Journal of Forestry be subscribed for, out of the Michaux Legacy; one for the Society ; one for the Professor of Botany, Lecturer in the Park; and one for the use of the Committee on the Michaux Legacy.
On motion of Prof. Barker, a vote of thanks was passed to
? Prof. Draper for the gift of the excellent illustrations ac- companying his paper.
Pending nominations Nos. 836, 837, 838, were read and
8
ballotted for, and on a scrutiny of the ballot boxes, the fol- lowing persons were declared duly elected members of the Society : Mr. H. C. Humphreys, Chemist, of Philadelphia. Prof. 1. I. Sylvester, of Johns Hopkins Univ., Baltimore. Mr. John Ericsson, of New York. And the meeting was adjourned.
Stated Meeting, August 17th, 1877. Present, 8 members. Secretary, Dr. LeContx, in the Chair.
Letters acknowledging the receipt of Proceedings, 94 to 99, were received from the R. Observatory at Greenwich ; the Radcliffe Observatory; Philosophical Scciety of Liver- pool; the East Tennessee University; Poughkeepsie N. H. Society; Wisconsin Hist. Society; Library of Congress ; Public Library of New Bedford; Library of Yale College ; Northern Academy of Hanover, Ind.; U.S. Coast Survey Office; American Journal at New Haven; Linnean Society at Lancaster; Buffalo N. H. Society; Prof. L. Riitimeyer, John L. Campbell, C. F. Brackett, C. E. Dutton, W. A. Hammond, E. Goodfellow, T. L. Kane, Thomas Hill, P. F. Rothermel, R. S. Williamson, Jos. LeConte, John LeConte, Cleveland Abbe, J. F. Clarke, Joseph Henry, M. F. Long- streth, Jas. D. Dana, and C. A. Young, now of Princeton.
Donations for the Library were received from the R. Academies at Berlin and Brussels ; the Antiquarian Society at Copenhagen; M. Chabas; M. L. Hugo; the Geographical Society and Révue Politique, Paris; the Observatories at Madrid, Mexico, Buenos Ayres and Cordoba; the R. Astro- nomical and Zoological Societies and London Nature; the Philosophical Society at Glasgow ; the Canadian Naturalist ; Government of Canada; Peabody Museum at Cambridge ; Appalachian Club; American Antiquarian Society ; Whelp- ley and Storer; Silliman’s Journal; Mercantile Library of
New York; N. J. Hist. Society ; Franklin Institute; Jour. of Pharmacy ; News and Library; Penn Monthly; Mr. T. Meehan; U.S. Weather Bureau; Botanical Gazette, Hano- ver, Ind.; B. 8. Lyman, Tokei; and Prof..A. Liversidge, ot Sydney, N.S. W.
The death of Prof. Dr. Frederick August Tholuck, at Halle an der Saale, June 10, aged 78 years, was'announced, with remarks by the Secretaries.
The death of W. Timothy Abbot Conrad, in 'Trenton, N. J., August 8, aged 73 years, was announced, with remarks by Prof. Cope.
Dr. Genth read his eleventh contribution from the Labora- tory of the University of Pennsylvania, entitled ‘On Some Tellurium and Vanadium Minerals; by F. A. Genth.”
Prof. Cope exhibited and described some recently discov- ered fossils, one of which was a cast of a gar-pike, of sup- posed late tertiary date, to which he assigned the provi- sional name, Clastes cuneatus—a possible link between the extinct and living genera of that family.
He communicated also a paper, entitled “On some new or little known Reptiles and Fishes of the Cretaceous, No. 3, of Kansas, by E. D. Cope.”
Mr. Briggs added some points to his previous paper on the Vena contracta, and made some remarks on the omis- sion from .text-books of the elementary fact that, whereas an unsystematically balanced fly-wheel runs steadily and without injury to its housings so long as its rate of rotation suffers no change, the contrary is the case when its rate is retarded or accelerated.
The minutes of the last meeting of the Board of Officers and Members in Council were read, and it was then, on mo- tion,
Resolved, That the thirteen applications for the premium for a coal-dirt burning apparatus offered by the Society, thus far received, be referred to the Committee considering the award of the premium ; and that the Com-
mittee be requested to prepare a proper form of advertisement in accord- ance with a recent resolution of the Society.
On motion it was ordered that the name of the Daven. PROC. AMER. PHILOS. soc. xvil. 100. B. PRINTED JAN. 8, 1878,
10
port Academy of Sciences be placed on the List of Corres- pondents to receive the Proceedings from the year 1870 onwards.
And the meeting was adjourned.
Stated Meeting, September 21st, 1877. Present, 12 members. Vice-President, Mr. Frauey, in the Chair.
Visitor, Mr. A. E. Carpenter, of Philadelphia.
Letters accepting membership were received from Mr. John Hriesson, dated New York, July 1; from Mr. H. C. Humphrey, dated Seabrook, Conn., August 10; from Prof. J. J. Sylvester, dated St. John’s College, Cambria, August 11; from Prof. James Geikie, Perth, Scotland, August 14, hes ire
A photograph for the Album was received from Mr. James Geikie.
Letters of acknowledgment were received from Prof. Steenstrup, Copenhagen, August 31 (99); Royal Zoological Society, Amsterdam, July 14 (96, 98); M. Henri de Saus- sure, Geneva, August 15 (96, 98); Bureau des Longitudes, Paris, July 18 (96, 98); Royal Society, Edinburgh, August 8 (96, 98); Natural History Society, Northumberland, &c., August 22 (96, 98). >
Letters of envoy were received from the Royal Society of New South Wales, July 11, 1877; 8. de Geographie Com- merciale de Bordeaux, June 1; Meteor. Office, London, July, 1877; Mr. H. 8. Eddy, Cincinnati, Ohio, August 28.
A letter was received from Mr. Ludwig Mejer, Secretary of the Natural History Society of Hanover, informing the Society, that Nos. 96 and 98, sent to Prof. Stromeyer, had been given on the death of that member of the Society to the Society in Hanover, and. requesting that the gift be confirmed, and the transmission of Proceedings be continued on the basis of exchanges.
f Hi
*
On motion the title of the Nat. His. Society of Hanover was ordered to be placed on the list of Corresponding Socie- ties to receive the Proceedings.
Donations for the Library were received from the Depart- ment of Mines, Victoria, N.S. W.; Imp. R. Academies at Berlin, Rome and Brussels; the Society at Augsburg ; Geo- graphical Society and Annales des Mines, and R. Politique at Paris ; Society of Antiquaries ; Nature and Cobden Club, London; Boston 8S. N. H.; Silliman and Dana; College of Physicians, Penn Monthly, Franklin Institute, Amer. Jour. of Pharmacy, Medical News, and E. D. Cope, of Philadelphia; Mr. John Ericsson of New York; Prof. H. D. Eddy of Cincinnati; and the Mexican Meteorologi- cal Observatory.
The death of Prof. Louis Stromeyer, at Hanover, in August, 1876, was announced by the Secretary.
The death of Mr. Robert Were Fox, at Falmouth, Eng- land, July 25, in the 88th year of his age, was announced by the Secretary. :
Prof. Sadtler communicated verbally his personal observa- tions of collections of so-called |’araftine from around the pipes and bore holes of the Oil region, and his laboratory demonstration that it was a mechanical emulsion of gas and water condensed upon the surfaces from which it is col- lected.
Prof. Sadtler promised soon to give the finished results of his investigations in the Laboratory of the University into the nature of the natural gases emitted by the oil wells. He has.already discovered that the higher hydro-carbons of the marsh gas series are really present in these gases almost uni- versally.
A description of the Spouting Wilcox Well, No. 1.,in Mc- Kean county, by W. Charles A. Ashburner, of the Geolog- ical Survey of Pennsylvania, with a graphical representation of the time, order, and height of a series of jets from it, was read by the Secretary.
Mr. Briggs explained why and how this phenomenon ot
12
paroxysmal ejection from a bore hole can only occur in ease the upper section of the hole has a larger diameter than the lower.
The first of the series of colored geological county maps of Pennsylvania, in preparation by Mr. Julius Bien of New York, to illustrate the reports of progress of the Assistant Geologists of Pennsylvania, viz: a map of Fayette county, was exhibited by the Secretary, who said that its chief value consisted in its careful differentiation of the Coal Measures into four series, its exhibition of all the isolated patches lett by erosion, and, in general terms, the completeness of its outcrop lines, carefully traced as they had been by its author, Prof. J. J. Stevenson, on foot, throughout the district. <A copy of the old geological State map of 1842 (published in 1858) was exhibited to show the contrast, and the progress of our knowledge of local geology of the State, as well as to illustrate the different way in which the second survey of the State can be carried on, owing to more fortunate cir- cumstances.
Prof. Chase placed upon the blackboard some of his results in a search (by request of Professor Draper of New York) for some harmonic series of lines in the solar spectrum. He gave the coincidences which appear in the case of the Gold lines, the Barium lines, and especially of Frauenhofer’s dark lines, and concluded with an earnest protest against the assumption that such coincidences can be merely accidental.
Pending nomination No. 839 was read.
The following report was read by Mr. Price, as Chairman of the Committee on the Michaux Legacy :
“Ata meeting of the Committee on the Michaux Legacy, of the Amer. Phil. Society, held September 8, 1877, present F. Fraley, Eli K. Price, Wm. M. Tilghman, and J. B. Townsend, it was
“* Resolved, That out of the reserved interest of the Legacy, trees from Fairmount Park be planted in the grounds of the University of Pennsyl- vania, not to exceed in cost one hundred dollars ($100).
“« Resolved, That it is recommended to the Park Commissioners to supply the trees for the above purpose, as far as suitable, from importations made by the Society’s appropriations to the Park Commission out of the Income of the Michaux Legacy.”’
13
On motion the report was accepted and an appropriation of one hundred dollars ($100) was made to meet the ex- penses indicated therein.
On motion of Dr. Rushenberger it was
Resolved, That the Curators be requested to inquire into the expediency of depositing the collection of implements illustrative of the Stone Age,
bequeathed to the A. P. Society by the late Mr. Franklin Peale, in care of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia.
And the meeting was adjourned.
Stated Meeting, October 5th, 1877. Present, 12 members. :
Vice-President, Mr. FRALEY, in the Chair.
Letters of acknowledgment were received from the Tey- ler Museum at Harlem (96, 98, 99); and the Glasgow Phil. Society (99).
Letters of envoy were received from the Depart. of Inte- rior, Washington, September 27; and the Museum at Mex- ico, August 18,1877. »
Donations for the Library were received from the Society at Ulm; the Academy at Brussels; the Révue Politique; British Association; Geological Society, Meteorological Society, and London Nature; from the Essex Institute ; Bos- ton 8. N. H.; Silliman and Dana; Cornell University ; Franklin Institute ; College of Pharmacy; Dep. Interior and Signal Service Office; and the Museum and Observatory in Mexico.
The death of M. U. J. J. LeVerrier, at Paris, September 28,1877, aged 66 years, was announced.
A communication entitled: “ Level Notes and Compass Courses of the Seaboard Pipe Line, from the mouth of Black Fox run, Clarion county, Pa., to Patapsco river, near Balti- more, Md. Lines run by O. Barrett, Jr., C. E. Western Division; B. F. Warren, C. E. Middle Division; J. B.
14
Haupt, C. E. Eastern Division; Gen. Hermann Haupt, Chiet Engineer ;” was received from Gen. Haupt.
In handing in this communication the Secretary explained the object of the survey, and the high value attaching to this the first accurately measured and leveled section across Pennsylvania and Maryland; the use it will be to the topo- graphical and geological surveys of the State; and certain features both of resemblance and contrast which it presents to the long sections across the State prepared from less accu- rate data in 1841, and published in 1858.
Another communication on the same subject was received from Mr. O. Barrett, Jr., C. E., entitled: “A list of eleva- tions above mean tide through the county of Indiana in Pennsylvania; from notes of survey under Gen. H. Haupt, for the Seaboard Pipe Line.”
Pending nomination No. 839, and new nominations Nos.
840, 841, 842 were read.
The following Report of the Curators was read by Dr. Cresson :
‘“«The Curators respectfully report in reference to the deposit in the Academy of Natural Sciences of the Stone-age Relics, received from Mrs. C. E. G. Peale, that they consider that for, the present it will be a proper disposition of the collection. They recommend, that after proper assur- ance that the building of the A. N. 8. is fire-proof, in accordance with the terms of the bequest, the transfer be made, subject to the usual agreement as to return upon demand. The following letter from Mr. Patterson, Ex- ecutor, assures the Society that thi proposition has his concurrence, and that they shall not be put to expense for making the transfer or setting up the relics in cases.
‘* PHILADELPHIA, October 2, 1877. Messrs. Tyndale and others, Curators of the A. P. 8.
Gentlemen :—Referring to the Proceedings of the Society on November 19, 1875, in reference to the bequest of Stone-age Relics made by Mrs. C. E. G. Peale, [ask your further consideration and that of the Society to providing a place of deposit for the collection where it may be open to the inspection of the public.
‘‘Mrs. Peale’s bequest is conditioned on the collection being lodged in a fire-proof building ; and it now lies in the building of the Philadelphia Saving Fund Society, but is boxed up so as to be unavailable for examina- tion. This disposal of the collection, while technically in compliance with
15
the Will, does net carry out what I know to have been the wishes of the testatrix. I would respectfully suggest that an arrangement could prob- ably be made with the Academy of Natural Sciences to receive the collec- tion as a deposit by the Society. If that can be done, I would cheerfully bear the necessary expense of making the transfer and: setting the relics in
the cases. Yours respectfully, ROBERT PATTERSON,
Huecutor.”’
On motion of Dr. Cresson, it was then
Resolved, That the Curators be directed to transfer the collection of Stone-age Relics, received from Mrs. C. E. G. Peale, to the custody of the Academy of Natural Sciences, in accordance with their recommendation of this date.
Dr. Rogers made an explanation in behalf the Coal Slack Premium Committee, stating that the absence of members of Committee during the summer holidays had made a full meeting of the Committee difficult to obtain; that conse- quently no action had been taken by the Committee on the Society’s resolution of August 17, to advertise the Premium ; that, nevertheless, Mr. Briggs, one of the Committee, had given extensive publicity to the intentions of the Society through his own private correspondence and by an article in the Iron Age, which he read; and he desired therefore to know whether further advertisement would be deemed necessary.
In the course of the debate which ensued, and at one stage of which Mr. Fraley left the chair for the purpose of participating in it, Mr. Price taking the chair for the rest of the evening, Mr. Briggs offered the following resolution :
Resolved, That the following advertisement be made public, signed by the Secretaries :
*‘Premium for the successful utilization of Anthracite Coal Dust.
““The American Philosophical Society of Philadelphia having voted to offer a premium of $500 ‘for the successful utilization of anthracite coal dust, to be competed for under rules of the Society,’ public notice is hereby given that applications for the premium will now be received, and that all such as may be presented within three months of the date of this adver- tisement will be considered as competing for the same.
“In considering the award for premium the Society will not only require that the process presented shall successfully accomplish the result, but that
16
the utilization shall be shown to beadvantageous and profitable in the gen- eral markets for anthracite coal, and shall have become a practical substi- tute for what is now considered merchantable anthracite.
‘Where the claim for the premium is made upon any alleged invention or discovery, the priority or originality of such invention or discovery will be investigated, and no premium will be awarded except to the first inven- tor or discoverer ; but when the claim is founded upon the successful in- troduction by the adaptation of known processes the award will be made to the person or persons who shall have effected the public use primarily and extensively.
‘“Any person may apply for this premium by letter addressed to the American Philosophical Society, and the primary application need only state the nature of the process, or ground of claim, and the address of the applicant.
“Such application will then be referred to a Committee of the Society before whom the full statement of the facts can be made, and by whom they will be considered and reported upon for action of the Society in making the award.
Dr. Rogers moved that all after the word “ Resolved” be stricken out from Mr. Brige’s resolution, and the following be substituted : ‘
Resolved, That no advertisement shall be made until a basis be deter- mined by the Society on which its award of. premium shall be made.
Pending debate on which, both resolutions were with- drawn by the movers, and Mr. Fraley offered the following resolution, which was accepted by Mr. Briggs and Dr. Rogers as a substitute for their own respectively, and was passed :
Resolved, That the Secretaries of the Society be requested to prepare and submit to the Society at the next stated meeting a form of advertisement for applications for the premium on ‘“‘ Any successful process by which the Anthracite Coal-dust may be economically utilized.’’ (See Proc. A. P. §., Vol. x. p. 278.)
And the meeting was adjourned.
Stated Meeting, October 19th, 1877. Present, 12 members.
Vice-President, Mr. Pricz, in the Chair.
A. photograph of M. Mariano Barcena was received for the Album. Letters of acknowledgment were received from the
May 4, 1877.] 17 [Carll.
On the results of Surveys in 1876-7 made for the purpose of Rectifying the System of Rail Road and Oil Well Levels throughout North West Penn- sylvania.
By J. F. Caruu, AssIsTANT GEOLOGIST IN CHARGE OF THE SURVEY OF THE O1L REGIONS.
(Read before the American Philosophical Society, May 4, 1877.)
No attempt has heretofore been made to compare and adjust the levels of the numerous lines of Rail Roads interlacing the Oil Regions ; consequently considerable misapprehension exists, not only as to the true ocean levels, but also as to the relative levels of many places frequently quoted and taken as points from which to calculate the fall of the surface and streams, or the dips of the oil rocks.
Within this district not one point of elevation has been proven to be cor- rect. Harrisburg, Pittsburgh and the surface of Lake Erie are the near- est reliable points we have ; and their true heights above mean ocean level have only recently been fixed through the well directed and successful efforts of Mr. Jas. T. Gardner, Geographer to the United States Geological and Geographical Survey of the Territories, under the charge of Dr. F. V. Hayden, United States Geologist.
These elevations above mean surface of the Atlantic Ocean—Harrisburg 320’, Pittsburgh 745’, and Lake Erie 573’/—are now adopted; and from them we propose to carry forward the Rail Road lines of this district, to compare their intersections and junctions, and to fix and adopt certain points of elevation on which to base our geological work.
This, perhaps, should have been one of the first tasks of the Survey, but the material for it could not at that time have been immediately obtained, for even now after working towards the point for three years, much is wanting to make the adjustment as complete as could be wished.
The road most closely connected with the work of this district, is the Pittsburgh, Titusville and Buffalo Railway. It passes through the heart of the Oil Regions, along the valleys of the Allegheny River and Oil Creek from Pittsburgh to Corry and thence over the ‘‘divide’’ to Brockton. Un- fortunately, its levels have been very unreliable ; not so much, as we dis- cover, now, from inaccuracy in the original instrumental work, as from a want of care in adjusting the datum planes of the several roads composing the present continuous line, to ocean level.
The elevation of Oil City, based on these levels has been variously given from 995’ to 1049’ above tide.* Other places along the line have varied in the same manner, but not to so great a degree.{| There was also a want of agreement with the railways intersecting it, at the West Pennsylvania
*Meaning mean high tide at Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Rail Road datum ; mean tide at Baltimore; mean tide at New York (Via Lake Erie), &c.
+ Except at points like Driftwood on the Philadelphia and Erie Rail Road,
PROC. AMER. PHILOS. Soc. xvi. 100. ¢
Carll. | 18 [May 4, Rail Road Junction ; at Red Bank ; at Parker’s ; at Oil City ; and at Corry. In 1875 the engineers in charge of the A. V. R. R. re-leveled its track from Kittanning up to South Oil City, but their work was based on the Kittan- ning bench-mark, the true elevation of which was in doubt. So that pre- vious to the commencement of these examinations and our adjustment of the levels, we had not been able to secure a single elevation along the A. V. R. R. on which it seemed safe to rely.
As the shortest way out of these difficulties, and to establish some reliable base for the use of the survey, a re-leveling of the road, as far as might be necessary was resolved upon. Accordingly, early in February 1877, Mr. John H. Carll and Mr. Arthur Hale, provided with a superior rail road level and staff, proceeded to Pittsburgh to commence the work.
Every facility was afforded by the Chief Engineer of the Railway, Mr. H. Blackstone, to whom our thanks are due for these courtesies, for the examination of profiles and note books, and all the data of use secured from the office of the Rail Road Company.
Our levels were commenced at the Union Depot bench-mark and carried forward continuously to the old Kittanning bench-mark. A table compar- ing the results with a Railway profile, is appended. It shows a difference of only 22, of a foot between the Railway profile elevation of the Kittan- ning bench-mark and our own ; and establishes the height of this bench at 809.94’ above mean surface of the Atlantic Ocean.*
From Kittanning to South Oil City there is a rise of 299.20’ according to the Rail Road levels of 1875. But in a table of elevations furnished the Smithsonian Institution by the engineer of the road shortly after its com- pletion, the difference between the same points is given as 298’. The lev- els of 1875, consequently, make the elevation of South Oil City 1009’, the old levels 1008’.
From W. Pennsylvania Junction our re-leveling was carried on up the Butler Branch Rail Road, to Great Belt City. Here connection was made with our line run along the oil belt by Messrs. Hatch and Hale in 1875 and by Messrs. Chance and Hale in 1876. This last named line was then adjusted tothe Pittsburgh datum, traced back to Parker’s depot and found to coincide there within 45 of a foot with the Allegheny Valley Rail Road, corrected elevation—thus showing a very reliable circuit from Allegheny Junction to Great Belt, from Great Belt to Parker’s and from Parker’s back to Allegheny Junction. So far the levels appear to be satisfactory.
From Parker's to Oil City, the following check was kindly furnished by Mr. D. Jones Lucas, Resident Engineer of the Union Pipe Company. Mr. Lucas ran a line of levels across the country in 1875 from Parker’s depot to Oil City (Union Depot), and found the difference in elevation to be 118.9’. This added to our accepted elevation of Parker’s 889’, gives 1008’ as the proper height of Oil City (U. Dep.) which is 0.45’ lower than the South Oil City Depot:
* As established by United States Coast Survey in New York Harbor.
1877.] 19
(Carll.
We now have these figures, using the decimals for Union Depot, Oi} City.
By levels onateio, Kitt: bench... <6. 809.94 + 199.20 —0.45 = 1008.69 ‘** Old levels ie Soe Rr ae sic, ofan 809.94 + 198.00 — 0.45 = 1007.49 SOMES Miedd barker 8 DepOt. .26.- .o. + cies se aie .889.4 + 118.90 = 1008.30
It seems safe therefore to accept 1008’ as the established elevation of this point.
Our levels thus adjusted to Oil City, the next step was to connect the termini of the several Railroads centering there, with the Union Depot. When this was done the following rather discouraging results appeared :
iWnion Depotiaccepted: elevation, 2...) 0m siecre - <ciene «ore 1008/ ap fos DY Bevers Ot OC. (Gi NE) Raises s:< 6 995/ ue sree sae | SON he or UW Sy ERG: Gaaccl steish ose. 1007/ * ST les so) Sounded UCR = ister | eg = aed cera ee ae” LOLI
The 0. C. & A. R. levels appear to agree with the P. & E. and were sup- posed to be based on the P. R. R. datum at Philadelphia, which required an addition of 7’ to reduce it to ocean and make it conform to Lake Erie at 573/ above ocean. The A. & G. W. and L. 8. & M. S. levels came in direct from Lake Erie. There was evidently some error between Oil City and the Lakeif our accepted elevation of the Union Depot was correct. We endeavored to find it by connecting together the several Depots and bench- marks obtained from the railroad profiles, at Franklin, Irvineton, Corry, Union City and Erie, but did not succeed, and finally as a last resort, re- leveled the P. & E. R. R. from Union City to its junction with the L. 8. & M.S. at Erie, and to the Lake.
To our surprise, the profile of the P. & E., which had been considered unreliable, was found to be remarkably correct, except as to ocean datum. The stations checked closely in every case, except in one or two instances where no doubt there had been an alteration of track, and the difference of elevation between Union City and the crossing at Erie as given by it and as ascertained by our levels varied only 0.08’.
By connecting the P. & E. Depot at Union City with the A. & G. W. Depot at the same place it was found that these two roads gave precisely the same fall from Cory crossing to Union, so that it was not deemed neces- sary to re-level that part of the P. & E. Rail Road.
From the Erie crossing above mentioned, connection was made with the L. $8. & M. 8. Depot at Erie, and, also, a line was run direct to the Lake. The line to the Lake confirmed the elevation given by the L. 8. & M. 5S. R. R. for the Depot at Erie. It showed about six inches less elevation, but this is probably due to full water in the lake at this season of the year.
The P. & E. levels may therefore be considered as well tested and checked from the lake to Corry crossing, and they establish the latter point as will be seen further on at 1427/ above ocean (at New York).
When we inquire into the reason why 1416/ was given on the old P. &
Carll.] 20 [May 4,
E. profile as the elevation of the old Corry depot, and A. & G. W. crossing, instead of 1427 as it should be; we find that the levels of this end of the road, as far eastas Warren (how much farther we do not know) were run from the Lake. They were based on lake level at 565’, the accepted eleva- tion of the lake at the date of that Survey, and were consequently 8’ too low. In addition to this there seems to have been an error in placing the old P. & E. Lake Depot 8/ above the surface of the Lake. It should have been 11’asthe levels now show. It appears quite probable that this 3’ error in starting at the lake was discovered and corrected in some of the engi- neers’ notes, for I have a copy of the levels from Irvineton, west, procured from the Smithsonian Institution in which the Stations are all raised 3/ above Burgin’s profile. This 3/ error added to the 8/ difference between former and present accepted lake level, makes the 11’ which we are obliged to add to raise the road to its proper height above the ocean and to place it in its true horizon to meet the levels brought up from Pittsburgh.
The first elevation given on the P. & E. profile as published (crossing of the L. 8. & M. 8. R. R.) shows very plainly that there is an error of 11’ between that point and the Lake thus :
IS) ike MSS.ccrossing by P. dz Ki. protile (VIED) == 676 e a it SONS 7.coe MLS pronles CX) 68i i ue ie “* Carll’s levels to lake = 687
As the levels and checks above mentioned appear to establish the correct- ness of the P. & E. profile from the Erie crossing to Corry we see no rea- son to doubt its integrity as far as the same parties carried forward their ine, which we are informed by one who assisted in the Survey, was as far as Warren. We therefore propose to raise all the stations between the Lake and Warren 11’.
We now find that the Union and Titusville or O. C. & A. R. R. R. (a) must be raised 13’ at Union City above the published levels to lift it to the P.& E. at that place, and 13/ also at the other end at Irvineton to make it coincide there with the P. & E. This brings Oil City up also and makes it agree (995/ + 13/ = 1008’) with our accepted elevation, as will be shown further on.
Another interesting fact is brought to light by this discussion. The lev- els of the O. C. & A. R. R. were run from a datum given in the field book as ‘‘ Elevation of track on bridge east of Irvineton Station on P. & E. R. R. above tide water at west end of Market Street bridge at Philadelphia = 1160.”’
This is, no doubt, the point given by Burgin as “Irvine 1162” and it explains why (having started 2’ too low) the O, C. & A. R. R. requires to be raised 13’, while the P. & E. is only raised 11’. It also shows that the O. C. & A. R. R. datum was not the P. R. R. datum as supposed, but ocean datum, based on-Lake Erie at 565’, subject to the same error of 11’ as the P. & E. with the additional 2’ made in the starting point at the bridge.
(a) The U. & T. is now a branch of the 0. C. & A. R. R. R.
1877.] 21 (Carll,
The two tables of the P. & E. levels (the Company’s and Burgin’s) given by Mr. Allen, in his R. R. levels of Pennsylvania, contain in themselves the evidences of inaccuracy. The Company’s profile datum is ‘‘ Mid tide Baltimore.’’ Burgin’s is P. R. R. datum on the east end and Lake Erie based on ocean on the west end (but now shown to be 11/ too low), yet both profiles give the same elevation at Corry crossing and I believe run exactly together from Corry to the lake, if they could be compared at precisely the same points. They seem both to have been made from one line of levels. Where the error in joining the line run from the east with the line run from the west may have occurred we do not know,* but certain it is that no “‘P. R. R. datum” or ‘‘mid tide Baltimore datum’’ levels have been correctly brought through to Irvineton.
Mr. Gardner in his discussion of R. R. levels to establish the surface ele- vation of Lake Erie, says, Lake Erie is above Harrisburg by P. & E. levels 251’; this added to the height of Harrisburg, 319,75’ = Lake Erie 570.75/. If the levels of this road were run from Harrisburg west, and from the Lake east, it is perceived at once that the P. & E. levels had nothing whatever to do with the difference of elevation between Harrisburg and the Lake. It was only the difference between 314’, the starting point at Harrisburg as given by Burgin and 565’ the starting point at Erie. The Harrisburg end was raised 5.75’ to bring it up to correct ocean level, the Lake end 8’ to bring it up to accepted lake level, consequently the line showed an error of 2.25 making Lake Erie, 570.75/ instead of 573’. Of course it was supposed that the ley- els were corrected throughout, but they could not have been correctly con- nected in fact, for we shall show that while the western end requires to be lifted 11’ the centre needs to be raised from 19/ to 23/.
We have met this same trouble in other roads in this district, where they have been run from one known, or supposed to be known, elevation to an- other. They agree at each end with the points given, but our cross checks lead to the suspicion that it has required some adjustment and alteration of the levels actually obtained to make them do so.
The re-leveling of the P. & E. R. R. and the corroborative circumstances above given should establish the correctness of our Union City adopted ele- vation of 1270/ and our Corry adopted elevation of 1427/ at the crossing of the P. & E. and A. & G. W. Railways almost beyond a question. They cannot vary more than the fraction of a foot from the figures here given. They also furnish the data from which to adjust the levels of the O. C. & A. R. and Union & Titusville Railways leading from the P. & E. to Oil City as will be seen below.
Absolute accuracy is not of course to be expected in an adjustment of this kind, where the levels of different roads are to be tied together and com-
*It seems quite probable, we think, that the error will be found between West Creek Summit near St. Mary’s and Clarion Summit near Kane. In that case West Creek Summit should be raised 19’ to correspond with Emporium, and all stations between Kane and Warren LI’ to correspond with the Lake end of the line.
Carll. ] 22 |May 4,
pared. Slight errors necessarily creep into every profile—by the change in engineers employed ; and consequent mistakes in benches and level points, which often are not plainly marked or described in the notes as they should be ; by local alterations of track or change in position of depots not always carefully noted ; by alterations at junctions and crossings made by one road and not recorded by the other ; and by clerical errors in copying and working up the notes and profiles. .
In making these adjustments considerable time has been spent in the field in ascertaining the relation levels of depots, crossings, benches &c. At Pittsburgh, Allegheny City, Freeport, Parker’s, Franklin, Oil City, Irvine- ton, Titusville, Corry, Union City, Erie City, Girard and other places, and in every case more or less variation has been found, relatively, in the points given—comparing them as they now are and as they were when originally established. These sources of error cannot now be eliminated without a care- ful re-leveling of the railway lines, which manifestly isan impossibility un- der the circumstances. It only ramains for us to make the best practical use we can of the materials at command. As we have shown that they aresome- what defective it would be folly to pretend to work out these hypsometric elevations to the decimal part of a foot. We shall not attempt it but aim only to establish the levels of some of the more important points in this dis- trict within a foot or two of the truth which is near enough for all practical purposes.
A
The first line considered will be from Pittsburgh to Lake Erie by the Allegheny Valley, Bennett’s Branch, Philadelphia & Erie, and Buffalo, N. Y & Erie Railways.
Above ocean Pittsburg Us. Depot... . . - ACceptedvelleyvaitlionm s,m ue lepeu meine 745 Red Bank Junct....../] 106 |Above Pittsburgh by A. V. profile (I)| 851 ee ne De st ea Oo am tac ocean by Bennett’ s Branch HELA) | 4 f vec Uwe 19 |'Too low on U3 Misvincoyorl Tibhar & Wb i5 6 37 Below Red bank Junct. by B. Branch pro-) rite UL CIN, Vs RED ROSE Sis a aoa ee EOE oe ean TY ates Vote tes 795 Aboveocean by P. & E. profile (Note tolV) x Std) Piece tie Ina te | 19 |Too low on P. & E. profile Emporium Junc......./| 208 | Above Driftwood June. by P. & E. profiel eu sence \) (Aden “COX ) Sf oo, ect esos tee | 1022 % Bs Saeki ee LOOS |Above ocean by P. & E. profile (do.) oe ss A ooes. cae a LOOT B.N.Y.&P.' TO: al) es e Fae Wie pte fay Wl) Too Low on P. & E, rs . Sd By Sa 1) IBSEN nics es Qlean Crossinie ss. 2358 414 Above Emp. Junct. by B. N. Y. & P. pro- TUE OZ GB) Oise eel ets Oc, Aa SS as ucGekemon cach 4 1436 or es -. ». «| 1488 |Above ocean by N. Y. & Erie profile (Jer-, | sey City datum) oy S -s. . .. |.1485 |Aboveocean by B.N.Y.&P. “ ee We Simtel Om ae 2 Too high on N. Y. é Erie ee os : .he wan eres 1|_“ low UGLY CCE RGR OMAR OL Glo 6 .| 862 alot Olean Uneedine ie B.N. Y. & P. pro- | file (XVII) Ge ae. ee. ss. 864 |Below Olean Crossing by N. Y. & Erie pro-| |_ file (X VIII) te UP gcentot Se .... | 863 Below Olean—mean of the above levels...) 4578
This line it will be noted lifts all the levels from Red Bank Junction to
1877.] 23 (Carll Emporium Junction 19 feet, and the B. N. Y. & Philadelphia levels 1/ as far as Olean. It crossesthe N. Y. & Erie Railway at Olean two feet below the Erie levels, which were run from tide at Jersey City and would reach the Lake one foot too high if carried down by the B. N. Y. & Philadelphia lev- els, which gives 862/ fall. But we find that the N. Y. & Erie levels give 864’ fall so that a mean between the two, 863/ subtracted from 1436/ = 073/ the precise elevation as accepted for Lake Erie. The B.N. Y. & Phil- adelphia levels are said to have been run from the water of Buffalo Creek some distance from the lake and may therefore be presumed to be based on a higher point than lake level.
Variations of from one to three feet will be found between different lines at nearly every point we are attempting to compare. As we are only rising even feet in making this adjustment, a disagreement of one foot may some- times occur in this way between two roads where there would really be but a very slight difference if the decimals were accurately taken into ac- count.
Be
Pittsburgh to Lake Erie by the Allegheny Valley, Oil Creek, and Alle- gheny River, Union and Titusville and Philadelphia and Erie Railways.
| Above | | ocean. Pittsburgh | Accepted elevation . =| 745 OivOity Ue Depot. « .. s.% | 263 Above Pittsburgh by AS ‘Valley pro-| ALO CD) iS eeetTA re se telet ee ierene eae 1008 ds Sehr erne, (na sct tales | 995 Above ocean by O. C. & A. R. profile | ( Wotan cers Bho ole Me aucwe noice ceces e CS Ae ea ame, - | 1007 Above ocean by A. & G. W. profile (X)| Ms OE VE pat eetis | 1011 | ST 5 Geese of CXLD)! Re Ce OS Eee oie 18 Too Jow on a C.& A. R. BEG F oe st 6 on Gita Oae 1 ore At SiGe Wi. ca LO or rece 3 |ToohighonL.S.&M.S. “ PiUSVUle ce eae. Slelsl sie ts se 186 “Above ¢ Oil City by 0. C.& A. R. Seattle | CNEID ch Peas Beak | 1194 re Be eeine eee levees, PLS He ocean by O. C.& A_R. profile Veacay liter ee Mo cd oe etied ok aol a abbolaer Ae De Viaeneepe ees «WLS Above ocean by: Ve & T. Brg alent) ee Sh ehigatioms Gel siicy cease 13 |Too low on O. C. & & A. R. 4s Mey stsee eto lar sans Ne aver 13 UL. &T, ss Union City P. & E. Depot. . Accepted elev ation established by| levels from thelake ........ ./| 1270 5‘ i ae . .| 177 |Above Fitusville by U. & T. profile (VAN Oe 8) & es eae (1271)| i a os - «| 1258 |Above ocean by ap & T. profile (VII). iM ee sr Soe loon P. & E. ug (Vid). “ec “ce “cc aS 12 |Too low on es &T. “ec | se i o ae 11 P. & E. et ae aoe City L.S. & M.S. & P. & E. Cross’g.| 583 |Below Union City by P. & E. profile, (AW) IVE 0) ee a One | leas AURORE RCE 687 Ee rs ss “ 583 Below Union City by levels run by J. | Jak AOR WANDA <8 hey Stee lye: Bile ich ciwe cree 687 ze ae ss oP 676 Above ocean by P. & E, pr ofile ae Fe 2 ee ‘ 11 Too low on Erie City ES eS Depot tsi)» 0.72 ‘Below Erie Grossing (Carll’s levels). 686 vs eT ES NGEE CEORe ‘Above ocean by L. 8S. & M.S. profile| 686 (S15 Leb lah 8 vp ORI Oe a0 Joti ga ree re Loe ee” DR ae ae 113 Above lake by L.S. & M.S. profile (XI)| 3; ee ees ener 113 | 'y Cariltsievels’. . 3... x AKC uEIri Gs sip cmcraene th chron ais’ PAS abOVe 686-113). ay. sls i eee eld 573
This determination shows a very satisfactory line of levels from Pitts-
Carll. ] 24 [May 4,
burgh to the Lake by raising the O. C. & A. R. and Union & Titusville Railways 18 feet and the P. & E. Railway 11 feet and by throwing off all the decimals on the Allegheny slope and making the most of them on the Lake slope. But even by doing this there is still an error of one foot to be accounted for at Union City which is referred to more fully in remarks following determination C.
Mr. Gardner in summing up his conclusions on the elevation of Pitts- burgh says he is inclined to accept 746 in preference to 745 for the elevation of the Union Depot. But the levels of the Railroads leading to the Lake through this district conform better to the height we have adopted, 745, and might even seem to suggest a lower level for Pittsburgh.
C.
Oil City to Lake Erie, by the Oil Creek and Allegheny River Railway to Irvineton and the P. & E. Railway from Irvineton to the Lake—using Burgin’s profile of the P. & E. Railway.
| ] Above | | | ocean. | | Oil City itAccepted- elevation: <i.) lm ye, ee ctecals we rere 1008 Irvineton Bridge...| 165 |Above Oil City by 0. C. & A. R, Pte ee We es || Lae M2 eral L625) ‘* ocean by P.& E. (V TD). © See eho PLLGOM ee sf “O.C.&A. R. se (VI) sf OP arn ll |Too low on P.& E, iy Gor dars: ¢ nf Ce tases 13 cS OMOua Ac UR. SS 8 Say Corry Crossing A. & GW. &P. & H.| 254 |Above Irvineton by P. & EK. profile (VIII). .| 1427 ec se 1416 oe ocean Lay “ec “ee ay | as " 1429| « He AG Gs Wao) iy ix): cael fs ee 1418 | se Oe ORC ace ARs: COVGI) Feces tt a ean ‘Too low on P. & E. Poe nak we hs . us 9 | es RONG G GecA: ait ce Laem cate 26 os 2 |Too high on A. & G. W. Oo eg gtapecataaes A. & G. W. Depot | Union City 128 [Below Corry by A. & G. W. profile (IX) oLontre oi lth) cf ub TSOL WAM OVETOCEATISS Pe OTS tele aa ie inet ieee eae | ae es 2 |Too high on fe oe AC ee ha he O P. & E. Depot | ; Union City. . ... ./ 29.22 |Below A. & W. Depot, Union City ee seit | 127 te 2h Mee eA!) Vf ‘““ Corry crossing by P. & E. profile ( Viti | 1270 - Sadie ovo) io) fo atl 2 AD OMENO CCCI gig me tee ieee eee | - SPN Moersycce me 11 Too low on oe ee pi anes €: L.S.& M.S. &P. & E.| rie Crossing. 583 Below Union City by P. & E. profile (VIII). . .| 687 oe ie 583 | Ee 1Garllsievelsiae 6S “ ef 114 | Above Lake Erie by L. 8S. & M.S. profile & Carll i a ©. 2! eee ein Pe ea ee mbar hes tarot al We 687 a UG 676 |Above ocean by P. & E. profile.......... e ns EG woulOw Ons ot 2° TSS Be WS yee ere ee ce cane | Lake Erie......./ 114 |BelowP. &E.&L.8.&M.S. crossing as above.| 573
The levels of the Dunkirk Allegheny Valley and Pittsburgh R. R. touch- ing the P. & E. at Irvineton, are so widely astray and evidently unreliable as heretofore published that we can make no use of them in this connection to reach the Lake. A trip to Dunkirk expressly for the purpose of examin- ing the profiles with a view of including the levels of the road in this dis- cussion resulted unsuccessfully, for the want of a permit from headquarters in New York and we are obliged to omit them altogether.
So too, unfortunately with the Buffalo Corry & Pittsburgh Railway
1877. ] 25 (Carll.
crossing the P. & E. at Corry, which would have given another link to the Lake at Brocton. The published levels are so vague and uncertain that we must omit them also. Mr, Ashmead kindly permitted and assisted in a thorough search among the papers in his office at Oil City, but no pro- file or connected notes of the levels could be found. _
If our accepted elevations of Irvineton, Corry, and Union City are cor- rect, and we have every reason to believe that they are, it appears quite evident that there must be some mistake in the levels of the O. C. & A. R. and U. & T. Railways, otherwise they would agree with our accepted ele- vations if raised uniformly 13/ at all points, instead of 13/ at Irvineton, 9’ at Corry and 12’ at Union City. They start as we have shown at an eleva- tion of 1160’ at Irvineton, which represents 1162/ on the P. & E. profile, and running around by Oil City and Titusville reach Union City at 1257’ which should represent 1259’ on the P. & E. profile if all the levels were harmonious. From the published tables it would be inferred that the P. & E. Depot in the U. & T. tables was the same as the P. & E. depot in the P. & E. tables; but the U. & T. profile shows that the point 1257’ was the junction with the P. & E. and this junction is 1.39/ lower than the depot. There is therefore a disagreement of one foot or more between the two lines of levels from Irvineton to Union City, the P. & E. being about 34 miles in lengthand the O. C. &A. R. and U. & T.about 92 miles. This is not sufficient to cast doubt upon the main line of levels and we therefore accept them as correct as far as Tryonville Junction, presuming that the error lies somewhere quite near Union City, for we find our levels there between the crossings and Depots to differ quite materially from those given by the U. & T. profile as will be seen by reference to Union City levels. :
We now have these three points apparently well established.
bys Hii MUTE care, <' los sat ciel ase: Inioyero as cin a co.cc aims ose e's 1320/ COAT SC BO Ea So So SRS NO aud 60 CeIn COO DE OUEMCU Don TIan > orate 14277 [Debora SA Le nira a 2) atasrar at cheat eens "sin 05, SJe'a-Siala wins 0G, G16 she in Bahasa 1270’ Tryonville Junction is 111’ below Corry by O. C. & A. R. (VI). e Lae 49’ above Union City by U. & T. (VID).
Then calculating the elevation of Tryonville J. from Corry and Union City we have : Tryonville by O. C. & A. R. levels 1427 — 111 = 1516 rs Bytes 1 «« 1270 + 49 — 1319
The relative elevations of Corry and Union City are well assured by the exact agreement of the P. & E. and A. & G. W. levels between those places, and we therefore can only conclude that there is an error of one foot to be accounted for on the U. & T. profile between Tryonville Junct. and Union City, and an error of 4’ on the O. C. & A. R. profile between Tryonville and Corry which we have been unable to place and must, therefore, leave for future adjustment.
PROC. AMER, PHILOS. soc. xvir. 100. D
Carll. } 26 [May 4,
D
Oil City to Ashtabula by Franklin Branch of Lake Shore and Michigan Southern Railway.
| Above ocean, Oil City, | uUxXecep ted elevation i. et ceaen eects ch tre ene 1008 Stoneboro’... | 160 |Above Oil City by L, S. & M.S. profile (IGOR ais, 6 1168 sf é | 1171 ss ocean x (CS Sag sue v2 op Roe cen ed i LW eg? rg by N.C. G FB. Sod) Pe (EXSY) Stes! ee oe a PCAG 3 Too high on LS. & Nr. 3 baaweal gion chy eageke SS ed| 3 | ING (CGR P SAR Mar mek whose <r Salem Crossing.) 184 Below Stoneboro’ by i. s 8. & M.S. profile (XII)... .} 954 re ) | 987 ‘Above ocean A CSU) aay ON % sf 982 | by ae & G. W. * (IX) > or 8 |Too high on L. S. & M.S i a = 91 low .* Al & GW. a Jamestown... 3 Above Salem Crossing by LS -&M, S. profile (1D). 987 es oc ally CED & ocean ee XII). i Bin fot Pate) oes ce E. & P. =f (XID He are 3 |Too high on L. S. & M.S. Wy : zt 2: S| bere LOW ae» ae Eni auel> rs A) ee. Ashtabula ...| 342 Below Jamestown by L.S Ss. & M.S S. profile (XID Son h (ee 13) we ...| 648 |Above ocean Fe fi a0 oe RES 3 |Too high on “ a ue (b) :
(a) The two depots here are not on precisely the same level, but there certainly cannot be 11’ difference in their elevations. The E. & P. ap- pears to be wrong wherever we check it.
(b) These levels, according to profile, run into Ashtabula at the proper elevation (74.52) to agree with the levels of the main line which are ac- cepted as correct. But itis hard to explain why the Franklin Branch overruns the A. & G. W. at Salem Crossing, at Franklin, at Reno, and at Oil City, while the same levels of the L. 8. & M.S&., taken at Erie Cross- ing and Carried to Union City by the P. & E. Railway, run under the A. & G. W. at that place. The P. & E. levels from Erie to Union City were re-run but no error could be discovered there. We have no ground for charging the whole mistake to the A. & G. W., for their levels, as will be seen in another place, bear every evidence of more than ordinary precision from Salamanca to ete It would appear as if the Franklin Branch of the L. 8. & M. 8. had been started from a higher point than that given on the main line as Mara But this, of course, is an inference only and may be entirely wrong. f
From Pittsburgh to Stoneboro’ by Pittsburgh, Fort Wayne and Chicago to Homewood, New Castle and Beaver Valley to New Castle and Frank- lin to Stoneboro’.
Above ocean | 2 i = Es earns ot MESS Pittsburgh. Accepted Sle VATIONS, sunk. Shi ita bdelameet aude > ue Sioa otcee a caine | 745 Homewood.| 204 |Above Pittsburgh by P. F. W. & C. profile(XVI).....| 949 New Castle.| 147 Below Homew ood by N.C. &B.V.5 “ (CVO SE ee | 802 “ “| 809 |Above ocean by E. & iee * (XIII) (a). Ae ss 7 |Too high on we Stoneboro’.} 3868 |Above N. Castle by he CacaBe Romie (OXGV))iy espn eens | 1170 ce LEON EE O. City by L. S. & M. Ss. profile (XID) accepted (b),.) 1168 ee By) lila |p ocean a ve cal NG. eee ING (OR ee 1s fe (CINDY eo alg es . 2 | Too high by lev els br ought from Pittsburgh....... ie . 3 on L.8. & M.S. profile Sinel vious), “elles ‘elie Seem eee Bs : 3 “e oP INS Ciao Bre eee a i seed ae 5
1877. 27 (Carll.
(a) It is supposed that the elevation here given by the E. & P. refers to a point somewhat higher than the present Depot.
(b) We prefer to accept 1168/ as the elevation of Stoneboro’ instead of 1170’ or 1171’ for several reasons. From Pittsburgh to Oil City by the line just followed we find a rise of 265’, while from Pittsburgh direct to Oil City by the A. Valley Railway levels well tested we have a rise of 263’. There is an error of 2/ somewhere in the circuit. The L. 8. & M. S. levels are too high at Oil City when compared with the A V., the O. C. & A. R. and the A. & G. W.; they are too high again at Franklin, com- pared with the A. V. and A. & G. W.; too high at Salem Crossing, com- pared with the A. & G. W.; and too high at Jamestown, compared with the E. & P. We are not certain that the connecting link between N. Castle and Stoneboro’ shows precisely the difference in elevation between the Depot of the N. C. & B. V. at N. Castle and the Depot of the L. 8. & M.S. at Stoneboro. There might easily be a difference of two feet be- tween the Depots of the N. C. & F. and those of the other roads named. Our accepted level at Oil City appears to be a mean between the highest and lowest levels given wherever a check can be secured, and it therefore seems safe to adhere to it.
F Review of the levels of the Atlantic and Great Western Railway. Above ocean, Salamanca . .| 1893: |Above ocean by A. & G.. W. profile (IX). ....... oo | Point given as centre of Hemlock st. ........ ve . .| 1884 |Above ocean by N. Y. & Erie profile (XVIII) ..... cae Supposed to be the old Depot. ............ Present Depot.| 1.8 Lower than Hemlock St. (CORD eae Woo Bpaach oi ne ac Old Depot... .| 14.2 Co ar eda eee rotlagier es Present Depot. 1 1392 Above ocean by AL &'G. Wr levelsi(dis9s-l) >. 22 2 2 e ee 1397. | “* IN- Ye eabrie! oS" «(884-13) 0. ek ee oe es “Accepted elev ae SRO oath ep ene ee 1393
——
The N. Y. & Erie, as before stated, ae Ped the Lake 2’ too high, so that there appears to be but 3/ disagreement between the levels of the A & G. W. and the N. Y. and Erie, if we have taken our points correctly, and 1393/ will be a fair mean between the two for the present depot.
Levant, Accepted elevation as given by A. & G. W.(IX)........... 1267
The D. A. V. & P. Ry. coming up from the lake at Dunkirk crosses the A. & G. W. here. The elevation given by it is 1262 (Allen CCCVI), but it does not appear to be reliable.
Corry, A. & G. W. 2/ too high as shown in C.
Union City, A. & G. W. 2/ too high as shown in C.
Salem Crossing, A. & G. W. 2/ too low i as shown in D.
Above
| | jocean, Clarkesville Crossing 46 ‘Below Salem Crossing (D) = 984-46........ 938 a is 936 Above ocean by A. & G. W. profile (IX) .... oy % 930 |“ EB. & P. sf CSTD ees) : Ee A | 2 2 Too low on A. & G. W. of oe ae ia | 8 | i IBY, & P. “
At Jamestown the E. & P. was 8/ too low (D) by our eaiated eleva-
e! Carll. ] 28 [May 4, 1877
tion and 11’ too low by L. S. & M. S. levels, and here we find it 8’ too low by our adjustment, and 6/ if the A. & G. W. is correct—while at N. Castle (E) itis 7’ too high, In the first and last places the difference may be in a measure due to a want of unity in the points given by the several roads, but until we have more positive information on these points the E. & P. levels must be regarded as very unreliable.
Further Checks on the A. & G. W. Railway, in Ohio :
| Above | ocean.
Ravenna Cross’g.| 522 |Above Lake Hrie by A. & G. W. profile (See Ohio. GeoloricalReport.pViole i pnbois ceame ienen cna 1095
<2 o 519 |Above Lake Erie by © leveland & Pittsburgh proale (Authority J. Linton, Chief Engineer) . . | 1092
, 3 |Disagreement, ;
Newburg Cross’g.| 175 Above Lake Erie by ae & G. W. profile (IX). . .| 748 “ a Ieee | a aide IPs Ge (Linton) . 747
; 1 | Disagreement. Gallion, on bos of) G25 Above Lake Erie by A. & G. W. profile (O.R. I, p.667).) 1169
595 (OR OBER (rad is ES (OoR* if p.668).| 1168 1 |Disagreement. Urbanar. . 0. =) | 454 Above Lake Erie by A. & G.W. profile (O.R. I, p.667),) 1027 Z 5 Gd .0 ol) SS) S.D. & C. a (O.R. I, p.671).) 1031 4 |Disagreement, relative levels of depots unknown IDE hOL OS tke Mee oc 179 Above Lake Erie by A.& G. W. profile (O.R. I, p.667).| 752 Uo o-nog ono) kell a D. & M. a (O.R. I, p.671).| 753
1 |Disagreement.
The Dayton & Michigan Railroad check is used by Mr. Gardner (page 644) and accepted as reliable. G.
East end of the Philadelphia and Erie Railway, compared with the Northern Central.
Above ocean, 1 Sop te. atepal Deeb ho cea eee een Bee UE ee Poe Oro ed. Charan Goeth oor ced 6.913 Harrisburg... .! 318 [Above P. R. R. datum by P. R. R. profile} 1 AdT@m i). 25 aie) Qheyslate aetiec ike Gal Sent Pe 320 Bridgeport Cros’g| 29 iAbove Harrisburg by P.R.R. profile (Alien I).| 349 es ss 30.25] by N. C. profile (Gardner, DD.W63))ieeanstetn cuore cinemoucniaee cn <lecieertan aoa - | 350 Sha owhay Ss ARTE Si of soe Above Ocean by N. C. profile (Allen CC.) . . | 444 Lo) ei ees 428 IRS al Dy oe (Allen CCXV). iy ORR | 4380 ee 2 Burgin’s “ se He iG} Too low on P. & E. profile. oF tesa, el Sa re fale! Gheiviierhaulsy be W’msport Juncet.|.... Above Ocean by ING: profile (Allen CCXVIL) . 540 oe C ‘516 IPecrky. =) (Allien "C@ixeya)a mf “| 24 (Moo low on P. & E. profile... . of Depot 5.59|Below. Junction by P. & E. “profile. (Alien GG RV) i ascata tine serbian Renee nione eee eae On Northern Central bases (540-6). ....... 584 oe os 510 Above ocean by P.& EB. profile (Allen ehh ; “ ee 513 by Bursings ‘ se os 24 Too low on P. & E. profile, ompvoken Toc tish esc wieuee et a 21 PBT od ngS. hae Mmecteerae rckate, eke > danas Elmira. o) oltte ce Wellt © nl eee PD YaNe LG. prOnlencAUlemil GC xaVeliimsc) co er eee |ielelas ian ae sy Sees By N. Y. & E. profile (Alien CL:XIT).-. : . ... .| 868
‘This last check makes the Northern Central levels appear good. The levels of the N. Y. and Erie Railway have been brought up from Jersey City, about 273 miles, and those of the Northern Central from Baltimore, 206 miles showing a disagreement of only two feet at Elmira. It seems quite safe, therefore to assume that the P. & E. elevations of Sunbury and Williamsport are altogether too low, as they have likewise been shown to be at Driftwood, Emporium, Irvineton, Corry, Union City and Erie.
May 4, 1877.) 29 |Smith.
CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE LABORATORY OF THE UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA.
No. IX. Upon some new Chlorine Derivatives from Toluol. By Epear F. Smitru, Ph.D., ; ASSISTANT IN ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY, UNIVERSITY OF PENNSYLVANIA. (Read before the American Philosophical Society, May 4, 1877.)
The first of these derivatives which it is my intention to describe in the following lines was obtained by me some time ago, and also a description of it published (Inaugural Dissertation, Gottingen, 1876), but as it is in- timately connected with the subsequent work a brief description of its production and properties may probably not be amiss.
PRODUCTION OF TOLUOLTRICHLORIDE OR BENZYLTRICHLORIDE.
This was obtained in the usual manner, viz.: By the introduction of a calculated amount of dry chlorine into boiling Toluol. The liquid boiling at 218° C. was collected and treated as follows :
FORMATION OF C,, Cl,g.
The pure Benzyltrichloride was placed in a large flask and dried chlorine gas conducted into the liquid until it was no longer absorbed and the vacant space also filled with it, when the flask was tightly corked and exposed to the action of the sun-light. After standing a few days the green color of the chlorine had disappeared. The flask was again filled with the gas and this operation repeated, until the chlorine was apparently no longer ab- sorbed. The flask was now set in a rather cool place and allowed to re- main there forsome time. After standing several months I noticed that crystals had separated from the liquid. These were immediately brought upon a filter, washed thoroughly with water and then pressed between filter paper to remove any Benzyltrichloride that may have adhered to the crystal mass. After drying the compound by exposure to the air, it was pulverized and dissolved in chloroform, from which solution it crystallized in fine, colorless crystals, which after repeated re-crystallization fused at 1520-1589 C.
Properties. —The compound possesses an odor very similar to that of cam- phor, is insoluble in water and alcohol, but readily soluble in chloroform. It is volatile without decomposition. My attempts to affect the introduction of the NO, group were unsuccessful. Even with the aid of heat nitric acid is without any action.
If the compound is allowed to crystallize slowly from a chloroform solu- tion, crystals may be obtained half an inch long and one-fourth of an inch broad. These have prism and dome faces.
I never succeeded in obtaining the compound during summer, very probably because the Benzyltrichloride held it in solution.
Numerous analyses made of the compound lead to the following formu- tan ib@'C],, =" (E,/C), © Ch). (C, Cl; C Cl,). (C, Cl, C Ci).
Smith.] 50 [May 4,
We have here, then, a compound in which three benzol groups have very probably combined, containing only carbon and chlorine.
ANALYSES.
Chlorine Determinations.
I. The compound was dried over sulphuric acid and burned with ox- ide of lime, and the calcium chloride which was produced dissolved in nitric acid and the chlorine precipitated with silver nitrate.
0.2181 Grm. substance gave .6928 Grm. silver chloride, corresponding to 78.53% chlorine.
II. .1035 Grm. substance gave .3829 Grm. silver chloride = 78.58% chlorine.
III. 0.0868 Grm. substance gave .2765 Grm. AgCl = 78.57 % chlorine.
IV. Finally, I fused a portion of the compound on a watch glass and then heated it with oxide of lime.
.0893 Grm. sub, gave .2843 Grm. silver chloride = 78.75% chlorine.
Carbon Determinations.
I. .3629 Grm. substance dried at 75°C. and then burned with coarse lead chromate, yielded .0780 Grm. CO, = 21.41% carbon.
Not any water was noticed in the calcium chloride tube and its weight had not increased.
II. .2518 Grm. dried substance, burnt with lead chromate gave .0536 Grm, CO, = 21.33% carbon.
III. .1677 Grm. well dried substance gave .0361 Grm. CO, = 21.51% carbon.
Several more combustions were made with about the same result. In no instance did the found percentage of water exceed 0.40%. This amount of moisture could have readily collected during the filling of the combus- tion tube.
RESULTS. Calculated, Found. Cy = 252 = 21.44% Pee oH ins eee 2) Bh Cl,, = 923 = 78.56 % 78.57 — 78.58 — 78.538 — 78.75.
ACTION OF ZINC AND SULPHURIC ACID UPON C,, Cl,,.
About five grammes of the preceding compound were pulverized and dissolved in a mixture of alcohol and chloroform, and zinc and sulphuric acid added to this solution. The liberation of hydrogen gas was rather slow and to hasten it the flask containing the mixture was placed on a sand-bath, where a constant temperature of 60°C. was maintained for ten weeks, during which period there was a constant and brisk disengagement of hydrogen gas. The flask was now placed upon a water-bath and the alcoho] and chloroform removed by distillation. An impure oil remained as a residue and upon cooling solidified and was then taken from the flask and dissolved in a mixture of chloroform and alcohol. After removing the impurities by filtration, the solution was strongly evaporated and when cool the compound separated partly as an oil and partly in colorless tablets.
1877. } 31 {[Smith,
After pouring off the supernatant liquid the crystalline mass was pressed well between filter paper and then dissolved in alcohol. From this solu- tion the compound crystallized in beautiful, colorless, quadratic plates, which after several recrystallizations fused at 102° C.
- Properties. Ifa crystal is fused upon a piece of glass it will remain in a plastic condition for hours and stirring it with the point of a knife blade will not cause solidification. One crystal which I fused required twelve hours before becoming solid. The fusing point of this solidified mass was the same as that of the crystals, 102° C.
The compound may be volatilized without suffering decomposition. When pure it possesses a very peculiar, aromatic odor, somewhat like that of the preceding compound, being only more piercing.
The compound is perfectly insoluble in water, but very readily soluble in chloroform. The best solvent I found to be alcohol, in which, when warm, it is exceedingly soluble.
The following analyses were made :
Chlorine Determination.
0.4180 Grm. substance dried over calcium chloride and burned with oxide of lime gave 1.3146 Grm. silver chloride = .3252 Grm. chlorine = 77.79% chlorine.
Carbon Determination. .9812 Grm. air dried substance burned with lead chromate, gave 21.69 % carbon and 1.00% hydrogen. If we suppose that only one hydrogen atom has replaced chlorine, the following numbers would be required :
Calculated. Found. Cz = 22.09% 21.69% Cl,, = 77.81 % 17.719 % H = 0.09% 1.0%
The formula would, therefore, be C,, Cl,, H. That the replacement would be so very limited, one would naturally suppose if he considered the pres- ence of such a large number of negative chlorine atoms.
4
Action oF Sopium AMALGAM UPON C,, Cl,, H.
The substance was finally divided and dissolved in an excess of alcohol, and sodium amalgam added to the solution. The liberation of hydrogen gas was at first very violent, finally, however, the application of heat upon a sand bath was necessary to render the disengagement continuous. After allowing the action to continue three or four days, I interrupted it and proceeded to examine the contents of the flask.
The alcohol was distilled off, and as the liquid gradually diminished in volume, drops of oil separated from it. Only a small quantity of the oil could be obtained, and after being purified, was too small to employ in an analysis, expected to afford some clue to the composition of the com- pound. Intense cold would not render this oil solid.
Smith.] | May 4, L877.
ACTION OF SopIUM AMALGAM UPON C,, Cl,,.
Ten grammes of the substance were reduced to a powder, placed in a small flask, and alcohol then poured in, and the whole heated upon a sand bath for four weeks. At the expiration of this time the alcoholic solution was poured off from the metallic mercury that had collected upon the bot- tom of the flask, and water and hydrochloric acid added to the solution to dilute it and neutralize any sodium carbonate that may have formed.
Upon adding the water I noticed the appearance of oil globules, which swam upon the surface of the liquid.
The solution was placed in a suitable vessel and subjected to distillation upon a water bath. In the receiver a rather large quantity of oil collected. In the flask, upon examination, I found merely sodium chloride.
The further addition of water to the liquid in the receiver rendered it cloudy, and it was again distilled, but this time over a free flame. The alcohol, of course, first passed over, and the addition of water to it pro- duced no cloudiness.
The oil was carried over with the steam and collected to one large globule on the bottom of the receiver.
Soon after all the oil had passed over, I noticed the liquid carried over small shining needles. The receiver was immediately changed and the distillation continued. Only asmall quantity of this crystallized compound was caught. It was exceedingly soluble. It was extracted from its aqueous solution with ether and the latter allowed to evaporate. The residue con- sisted of fine colorless needles, possessing a rather sharp odor. The com- pound fused at about 127° C. With barium carbonate it gave a salt crys- tallizing in white needles. Scarcity of material prevented its analysis.
To extract the oil from the aqueous solution ether was added, and the two liquids separated with a separatory funnel. After the evaporation of the ether, the oil was treated with calcium chloride, to remove any adherent moisture and afterwards dried over sulphuric acid.
Properties. The oil is perfectly clear. Insoluble in water, but soluble in ether. It is with difficulty volatilized.
The following analyses were made :
Carbon Determination.
.1132 Grm. of the oil were placed in a small bulb tube and burned with lead chromate, yielding .1603 Grm. CO, = .0483% Carbon = 38.60% : further, .0500 water = .0056 H = 4.94% H.
Upon examining the bulb tube after the combustion, a small quantity of undecomposed carbon was noticed.
Chlorine Determination.
.0463 Grm. oil ignited with oxide of lime gave .0980 Grm. silver chloride — 52.33 % chlorine. RESULT. C = 38.60% Cl = 52.33% H = 4.94%
May 4, 1877.] 33 [Cope.
Synopsis of the Cold Blooded Vertebrata, procured by Prof. James Orton during his Exploration of Peru in 1876-77.
By E. D. Cope. (Read before the American Philosophical Society May 4, 1877.) REPTILIA.
OPHIDIA.
1. Borprors pictus Tsch. Jan. Elenco Sistematico, p. 126. Lachesis pictus, Tschudi Fauna Peruana, p. 61, Tab. X. Nos. 11, 14, 15, 17, 19, from Chimbote Valley, Lat. 9°S., altitude from 0 to 2000 feet. A very distinct species, well figured by Tschudi. In five specimens the fossa is bounded in front by the second superior labial plate, as described by Jan ; in one other the fossa is surrounded by small scutella.
2. ELAPS CIRCINALIS Dum. Bibr. VII, p. 1210. Cope, Journal Academy Nat. Sciences, 1865, p. 182. No. 45, Pacasmayo.
3. ELAPS TSCHUDII Jan. Revue et Magazine de Zodlogie, 1859, Prodrome (une Iconographie, etc., p. 15. No. 18, Chimbote Valley.
4. OXYRRHOPUS FITZINGERI Tschudi, Fauna Peruana Reptilia p. 56. Tab. No. 21, Chimbote Valley.
5. OXYRRHOPUS CLELIA Dandin. Dum. Bibron VII p. 1007.
6. SrsBoN ANNULATUM Linn. Dipsas Dum. Bibr. VII, p. 1141. Leptodira Ginther. Nos. 23-25, Chimbote Valley.
7. TACHYMENIS PERUVIANA Wiegmann ‘‘ 1834”’ (fide Peters); Archiv. fiir Naturgesch. 1845, 165.
No 72, from Cuzco ; elevation 11000 feet.
This species is ‘probably distinct from the 7’. chilensis Schleg. This conclusion is derived from an examination of Wiegmann’s type in the Mu- seum of the University of Berlin, and it is sustained by the present speci- men from Cuzco. Its characters are : one preocular, eight superior labials, loreal higher than long, superior surfaces of the body and tail with four series of dark spots. The characters of the 7. chilensis are: two or three preoculars, seven superior labials, length of the loreal equaling or exceed- ing the height, superior surfaces with four longitudinal brown bands.
8. DRYOPHYLAX VITELLINUS sp. nov.
Form moderately slender, head oval, narrowed to the rather depressed muzzle. Scales smooth, in nineteen longitudinal rows, with single apica) fosse. Eight superior labials, fourth and fifth entering the orbit. Ros-
PROC. AMER. PHILOS. Soc. xvilI. 100. E
Cope. } d4 {May 4,
ral small, as high as wide, just visible from above. Nasals depressed, loreal a little longer than high ; oculars 1-2, the anterior impressed, nearly reaching the frontal. Temporals 1-1-2. Internasals longer than wide ; pre- frontals subquadrate. Frontal long and narrow, not angulate posteriorly ; parietals notched behind, short, their common suture a little more than half the length of the frontal. Ten inferior labials, six of which are in contact with the geneials, of which the posterior pair is a little longer than the anterior. Gastrosteges 202 ; anal double ; urosteges 938.
Color yellow, strongly tinged with brown above, and with orange on the labial plates and lower surfaces.
No. 3, from Pacasmayo.
This beautiful species presents a new type of color for the genus.
9. DRYOPHYLAX ELEGANS Tsch. Lygophis elegans Tsch., Fauna Peruana, p. 538, Pl. VI. Lygophis pecilostomus Cope, Journ. Acad. Phila. 1875, 180.
This species was described from a young individual. Examination of several adult specimens from Prof. Orton’s collection shows that the last maxillary tooth is grooved, though not deeply, and that the scales have a single apical fossa. The coloration is more striking in the adult than in the young, and is quite elegant. The ground is a light yellowish gray, and there are two rows of bright rufous darker edged spots on the back. These spots are either confluent transversely, forming a single row of broad spots, or alternating, so as to form a zigzag band. The latter condition prevails on the posterior part of the body, and the band becomes regular on the entire middle line of the tail. There are three longitudinal dark gray lines on each side, one on the middles of each of the first two rows of scales, and one on the ends of the gastrosteges. These become more or less fused on the tail, forming a single lateral band. A broad brown band from the muzzle through the eye to the first dorsal spot. Lips, gular region, and anterior gastrosteges, brown speckled ; a longitudinal median nuchal band. Frontal plate dusky, with a median longitudinal light band. Length of the longest specimem M. .901 ; tail .280.
Nos. 12, 16, 26, 27, Chimbote Valley.
This species is the type of the genus Lygophis Fitz. where first charac- terized ; 7. ¢. in the Fauna Peruana. It must therefore be regarded asa synonyme of Dryophylaz Wagl. The genus to which I have given the name Lygophis (Proceed. Acad. Phila. 1862, p. 75, type Z. lineatus) may then be called Aporophis.
10. Dry1opHIs ACUMINATA Wied.; Dryinus eneus, Wagl. Dum. Bibr. VII, 819. No. 10. Chimbote Valley. 11. DryMoxnrus HEATHII Cope. Journ. Acad. Philada. 1875. p. 179. This species is nearly allied to the D. reticulatus ( Herpetodyas), Peters, Monatsberichte, Berlin, 1863, 285. I add to my previous description that in a large specimen, the interocular space is only .001 w’ ~) than the length
j
1877.] 35 {[Cope.
of the muzzle ; and that the brown band through the eye becomes obso- lete. Length M. 1.150; tail .346.
The American species of Drymobius (Cope, Proc. Acad. Phila., 1860. 560) are the following: D. margaritiferus, Schl.; D. reticulatus, Pet.; D. heathii, Cope; D. rappii, Gthr.; D. oceipitalis, Gthr.; D. pulehriceps, Cope ; D. dichrous, Pet.; D. boddaertii, Seetz; D. melanolomus, Cope ; D. biserialis, Gthr.; D. bilineatus, Jan.; D. pulcherrimus, Cope.
12. Boa orTONII, Cope, sp. nov.
This species is intermediate in character between the Boa constrictor and the B. imperator. It has the stout proportions of both species, while the squamation of the head is like that of the former, and that of the body resembles that of the latter. There are no large scuta on the loreal or orbital regions, and the scales of the head generally are characterized by their small size. The characters of the species are best brought out ina comparative table, which I give:
Sect. I. 89-95 rows of scales on the body. Orbital ring not in contact with labials, gastrosteges 234
eee RORIE MES 20th icc: 01ai¢ eae clsays Cael eis dale tng 0 aceerhs's ..B. constrictor. Sect. II. 55-69 rows of scales. «a Orbital series separated from labials by a row of scales;
No large loral plate ; form stout ; g. 252, u. 53 ; labials 19 ;
orbital ring composed of 19 scales ; 64 rows on body.......B. ortonii. aa Orbital ring reaching labials.
No large loral plate ; stout; u. 56; 57-62 rows on body ;
OUP ENO— Mies, fos s.c, 3 5: sie So6L sence Soneapepode moctalaeretotetare B. imperator. A loral plate as large as the orbit ; proportions as in the
IOs o Ba ¢ Seen Ge ae eee BUM DOOR OOD Seca On OC UCR DS HoUne B. eques. No large loral plate ; form elongate; g. 272; u. 69..... B. diviniloqua.
With the typical specimen I associate one from Greytown, Nicaragua, which agrees with it in the generally smaller size of the scales of the head and body than is foynd in the B. émperator, the usual Mexican species. It has 69 rows of scales ; 21 labials and 17 scales in the orbital ring ; gas- trosteges 242. ;
No. 1 from Chilete, near Pacasmayo, 3000 feet above the sea. This spe- cies is dedicated to Professor James Orton, whose explorations of the western regions of South America have yielded such abundant results.
13. STENOSTOMA ALBIFRONS Wazgler ; var. tessellatwm, Tsch. Fauna Pe- ruana, p. 46.
As Jan remarks, this forms appears to be but a color variety of the S. a/- bifrons.
No. 28, Chimbote Valley.
LACERTILIA. 14. PRocTOTRETUS MULTIFORMIS Cope, Journ. Acad. Phila. 1875. p. 178.
No. 98; from La Raia or the divide which separates the waters of the Ucayali and those of Lake Titicaca ; altitude 14,000 feet.
Cope.] 36 | May 4,
15. PRocTOTRETUS FITZINGERII Dum. Bibr. IV, p. 286.
No, 138, from Juliaca, Peru ; altitude 12,550 feet. In this lizard the lateral scales are relatively smaller and smoother than in the P. multi- formis.
16. MICROLOPHUS INGUINALIS Cope, Journ. Acad. Phila. 1875. p. 172. Nos. 33-34, Chimbote Valley. 2000 feet.
17. MIcROLOPHUS PERUVIANUS Sess. M. lessont?, Dum. Bibr. IV, p. 336. Nos. 31-36, Chimbote Valley. 2000 feet.
18. PHYLLODACTYLUS NIGROFASCIATUS sp. nov.
The existence of a fourth species of this genus in Western Peru points to this region as its centre of distribution. The present one belongs to the group in which the large dermal tubercles are not prominent nor angulate, nor arranged in regular longitudinal rows. They are round, and very dis- tinct from the small round scales between them, and not almost assimi- lated to them as in the P. inwqualis Cope. There are eight superior labials to below the pupil of the eye. The mental scutum is very large, and ur- ceolate ; it has two lateral, and a short posterior median facet, each one corresponding to a scutum. The anterior of these is the first labial, which is about twice as large as the scutum that follows it. Behind these is a transverse row of five subround scales, of which the median is in contact with the mental. The next row embraces eight, arranged in an undulat- ing manner. The scales diminish but slowly to the size of the gulars.
The toes are slender as in the 7. microphyllus Cope, but the expansions are large, asin the 7. inequalis. When the limbs are appressed to the side, the elbow reaches the base of the toes in this species, but only to their tips in the 7. inwqualis ; the length of the toes in 7. microphyllus is in- termediate.
The ground color is very light, brilliantly white on the inferior surfaces. Between the axilla and groin the back is crossed above by six narrow black cross-bands. These bifurcate or break up on the sides ; the axillar band breaks up on the back, and two anterior to it are represented by spots. A broad dark band passes from the nostril through the eye and breaks up on the sides of the neck. Limbs indistinctly cross-barred.
M. Pen sth toy Me AMS AWG OPUS +) apeye perl valet ckaledaisyoseis eherctole?> 018 se ©" UNCUT e apeberettere « ane locsteteterauerekauautinene ty keteeeres bie lovers +208 ie TEARS Sab oon gobo Sooo COHN aD SOUS uOBaeGonDC 039 BC BE 2111) Pe EERE Hes ts ob Dian Ala OODLE .043 Widthistamneatus ata toniuis’ ..ccrrlemieriisiete se pai ao + ROO Gene thvortore whiners siietstete Atoaos 56.080 GHOneoadneS . .014 a Ce SENT OO tings es oavstouslevelesortees SH etal Ao: Stakeraiw wv wheres .004 <tly) et hindslimb,;..¢.:2<2 4: ao > ae ee .021 ot HOP MES TOOT sat 5 Ioiie otaris) obra te tolotbeeneteeret ovals (2 clcreietene tare .0065
The very different arrangement of the infralabial scales and the small
1877.] 37 | Cope.
digital expansions with other characters of the P. microphyllus* render comparisons with it unnecessary. From the nearer P. inequalis} it differs primarily in three features : (1) the greater relative size of the tubercles ; (2) the differently arranged infralabials, and (3) in the longer digits.
No. 35, Chimbote Valley. 2000 feet. i 19. PHYLLODACTYLUS REISSII Peters Monateber. Berl. Academy, 1862,
626. No. 140, from Pacasmayo.
BATRACHIA. ANURA.
20. NovTOTREMA MARSUPIATUM Dum. Bibr. VIII, 598, pl. 98, (Hyla). Nototrema Gthr. Nos. 28, Chimbote Valley ; 127-8, Pisac : altitude 10,500 feet.
21. CHOROPHILUS CUZCANUS sp. nov.
A species of medium size in a genus where the species are never large. Form rather robust, head wide, flat; canthus rostrales well marked but contracted. Nostrils near the end of the muzzle, which is obtusely rounded. Tympanum distinct, its diameter half that of the eye slit, which is nearly as long as the muzzle in front of it. The limbs are rather elongate, and the digital dilatations are quite small. The wrist of the extended fore limb reaches the end of the muzzle, and the elbow is slightly overlapped by the knee when both are appressed. When the hind limb is extended forwards, the heel reaches to the line of the front of the orbit. There are no tubercles on the sole, and the skin of the superior surfaces of the body is smooth, while that of the thorax and abdomen is closely areolate.
The vomerine teeth are in two full and closely approximated fasicles between the internal nares, their posterior borders projecting a little behind the posterior margins of the latter. The nareal openings are small, and about equal to the ostiapharyngea ; the tongue is discoid, and is openly notched on the posterior freedorder, which constitutes about one-third the length of the organ.
Color of the upper surfaces dark olive; of the limbs paler; the femur uniform light olive, posteriorly. Inferior surfaces dirty white, except those of the thighs, which are pale yellow. Sides of the head to the tym- panum dark, bordered above by a blackish line along the canthus rostralis, and below by a light labial border.
M.
Length of the head and body.........secccocsecceess .0230 Length of head to posterior line of tympanum........ 0075 Widths + at i sf EOE WY Eva ssi secs .0093 otal lenethron fore WMDs. 2.6.2). < -telebs lclerer soso Pe
‘y SIME AINLINCL uty bircs a laywiat siassiaiveyala ieiereks eisiele, sys je) siete (ers 0375 Hen OCD OihOmietael. eles) ols) cbistelpis’<ereisiais aye e'aes Beat eatery tere .0170 IDenven to iE GMS aWagra staen concen Pav aineraiye srg 0065
* Cope, Journal Academy, Phila. 1875, p.175. + Loe. cit., p. 174.
x ‘ Gope.] 38 ‘ {May 4,
This species is one of those forms which is near the boundaries of the fami- lies of Hylide and Cystignathide. It agrees with the other species of the genus to which I have referred it in essential respects ; ¢. ¢., in the free toes, the fronto-parietal fontanelle, and the small and separated prefrontals. The last two characters distinguish it from Hylodes to which it bears a super- ficial resemblance, as also the terminal phalanges, which lack the trans- verse limb of that genus. The sacral diapophyses are but little dilated. It is noteworthy that this frog is the first one which presents these charac- ters, known from South America, all the species of Chorophilus, five in number, being North American.
22. CyCLORHAMPHUS ANGUSTIPES, Sp, NOv.
A species of medium size, remarkable for the small extent of the palma- tion of the toes. The muzzle is short and rounded, its profile retreating backwards to the superior, rather elevated plane. Canthus rostrales obso- lete ; nares one-third nearer to the border of the orbit than to that of the upper lip. The orbits look somewhat upwards and forwards, the tympanic membrane is not visible in the derm, but exists as a small vertically oval membrane whose long diameter is one-third the vertical diameter of the eye. The skin is everywhere perfectly smooth. The thumb and second finger are of equal lengths. The web of the hinder foot is deeply notched, the edge marking the middle of the first phalange of the fourth toe ; that between the first, second and third toes joining the adjacent longer toe at a still lower point. The wrist of the extended fore limb exceeds the end of the muzzle, while the heel reaches to the nostril; the tibia equals the foot without the tarsus. The choane are larger, and the ostiapharynge: very small. The vomerine fascicles are small and close together ; they fill the narrow space between the inner borders of the choane. The tongue is nearly round, entire, and has the posterior fourth free.
Rent of head amdapodiy=c5 =: oi. <mi-)- ce iemin eis eine ee Length of head to posterior line of tympana........... .011
Width of head at a es se Weld oelaeneee SOLD Lengthvot fone dim), = 5: -.ciopsincic Siecle = ich ee ot SPOOL FEUE ATES) ae teceterdelacnenetere aiciie she te eevee tieeeRa OO a OF Hil Mima Sa e & score arevetershecoshenevate tclerole «fete Peeeme CO! ae Of Him efoOOts sc center rasrens oraciiaerietete tee cette rea ee 3 OF Dub ais eis ro. seusvetelelers a tokatol epee aeasen ed aon ate neces Se eal
Color above, dark plumbeous ; below, a light lead color.
No. 136, from Juliaca ; altitude 12,550 feet.
The characters which distinguish this species from the C. w@maricus, are, the greater length of the limbs, the closer approximation of the choane ; the absence of dermal margins to the toes, the absence of cuneiform tuber- cle, and the close union of the metatarsal bones in the sole. This arrange- ment gives the sole a narrow form, without the expansiveness seen in C. emuricus, where the grooves between the metatarsals are distinct.
1877. | 39
[Cope,
23. CYCLORHAMPHUS #MARICUS Cope. Proc. Acad. Phila. 1874, p. 125.
Nos. 48, 49, 50, from Yura, near Arequipa ; altitude 8000 feet ; Nos. 81 -4, from Cuzco ; altitude 11,000 feet. Specimens from Cuzco are darker colored than those from Yura. They are dark plumbeous with large round black spots above ; the latter are lighter plumbeous with or without dark gray smaller spots. In males from the latter locality the thorax is covered with corneous asperities and there is a large shield of horn on the inner aspect of the thumb, which is covered with acute projections.
24. CycLORHAMPHUS PUSTULOSUS, sp. nov.
The largest species of the genus, distinguished by its large head, and the prominent tubercles of the sides and coccygeal region.
The head is wide and flat, with the loreal region and the muzzle oblique. The canthus rostrales are obsolete, and the nares, although at the end of the superior plane of the muzzle, are equidistant between the orbit and the labial border. The membranum tympani is concealed by the skin and is a vertical oval, whose long diameter is less than half that of the eye slit. The fingers and toes are elongate, especially the last or ungual phalange ; the wrist reaches considerably beyond the muzzle, and the heel to the front of the orbit. The hind foot is only half webbed, and is considera- bly longer than the tibia. The skin is smooth, excepting on the sides be- tween the ilia round the vent, the superior face of the tibia, and the sole of the foot. These localities are all tubercular ; the limbs with small acute warts, the side with small, obtuse, and very prominent warts, and the iliac region with larger obtuse warts.
The choane are not very much approximated, and the vomerine patches between them are very small. The ostia pharyngea are very minute and situated well within the external borders of the mouth. The tongue is wider than long, and entire.
Color, dark lead color everywhere excepting the gular region and the tips of the lateral warts, which are dirty white. Upper regions indefinitely shaded with brown and gray.
M.
Benge thor Wea An WOM Ys ca. ve apairecs as encel ss getssin, SOU os ‘« to posterior line of tympana........... .018 Width of head at es CD Cmibyosticiseats iret Uae: SMe OL Sala ea IS Celie iar lata cle eyatersiaeieiareiarcia ete s/anels A AU SRT ECCOLDI WS PACCsis 0/0/26 ets 10 6° Bsc valst aictenstycie + .005 MeCRPAT ALOE MITVDN ciahatevsieieieit x - s.a's ays\sin o Sieieis wie aie'e a 'ej0 . .038 SMM OMEN ROO Lancia days/ats 0 /sYelnte ciate svaiciaics o ejele wie seis os . .016
SSF IEP ELG EITULNS wis oc acs. a 0 aie a'r)arareal si Sioa pais hs 087
ce Olan LOOT eis sais «1015 cto. aOOUOU oOCOnOee Biante ae
CS Puma UML NEBT CRISIS teiaer ef oycvonckay sfeceretehers s/aicisiec’@)*\s)0)avo/e O10
es OfgUlidergere caters eos aiayelale ce teretlceeiatonere’ a tet ove He OAs:
No. 111, from Tinta ; altitude 11,400 feet,
Cope.] 40 [May 4,
25. PLEURODEMA CINEREUM, SDP. Nov.
Muzzle oval, vertically truncate at the end and elevated ; canthus ros- trales obtuse, loreal region little oblique ; nares terminal. Membranum tympani distinct, round, its diameter one-third that of the eye-slit. Wrist extending to muzzle, and the heel to the middle of the orbit. Two large palmar tubercles. Cuneiform tubercles of sole prominent, not sheathed with horn, the outer solar tubercle not prominent; no proximal tarsal tubercle. Tarsus short; remainder of foot longer than tibia. Skin with low warts on all the upper surfaces of the head and body ; inguinal gland moderate, oval. Posterior inferior femoral region areolate.
The vomerine teeth are in small fasiculi extending backwards from the line of the anterior margins of the choanre. The latter are twice as large as the small ostiapharyngea. The tongue is a wide oval, has a slit-like notch behind and is one-half free.
Color above gray leaden, with indistinct darker plumbeous spots, of which the largest is between the orbits. There are three wide vertical dark gray bands at the upper lip, the last one on the tympanum, and two paler similar bands between them. Numerous black spots on the groin ; a black crescent on the inguinal gland. Limbs dark cross-banded above ; posterior face of femur darkly gray spotted. Lower surfaces dirty white; gular region gray dusted.
M. Moeialeneth of head and bodys se oon nwrecine cess sie ies .027 Length of head to posterior line of tympana.......... .008 ae oy oat a gu Pe eh» aaeroiine aaa. .010 Widthvotsucralkexpanse-) oases eieietucwlaninc cei eta .0055 Henethvotstore waaay get. sceietlaeiehsletacisielos ee ities ere isiela%s 0170 ef Be EOD 30a shar Sig aie join ie nctelss setae oso ened ie nasa .0070 se Ot Him GMM -,<h.fc seis whee ioreke oebteyeretatooel ene oxavors ate .0410 oe £8 NLD Oks brave Seng wlohe) afaseinie, «shale aesiegs reds eee .0180 ge OfabALSUSa capes sieseyrect stoi arses) eh netiee olen .0050 ee ODL aL stator sieccictesere le eile e\eeele sucReg nor steg saemseeaete .0110
No. 137, from Juiiaca at 12,550 feet.
26. Buro cHILENSIS Tschudi, Batr. 88. Dum. Bibr. VIII, 678. B. spinu- losus Weigm.
Nos. 2 and 4, Pacasmayo on the coast; 47, Arequipa, 7,500 feet ; 52, Chimbote Valley ; 54-56 and 124-126, Urubamba, Eastern Peru, 10,000 feet ; 78-9, Cuzco, 11,000 feet ; 87-8, Yaurisque, East of Cuzco, on the Apurimac, 10,500 feet ; 102-110, Tinta, 11,000 feet; 129-135, Juliaca, 12,550 feet.
Having arranged the above thirty-six specimens of this toad in the order of the elevation above the sea at which they were found, beginning at the coast, and rising to 12,550 feet, I have discovered no characters of surface, of color, or of any other kind which are related to the habitats. Two of the three specimens from Pacasmayo, ¢‘ and Q, are twice the average size of the others ; the third one is as large as the largest of the others. Several specimens have spinulose warts.
1877. ] 41 (Cope.
PISCES.
HYOPOMATA.
It has sometimes appeared to the writer that a modification might with advantage be introduced into the system of Fishes, as left in his synopsis of the osteology of the subject, published in the Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, 1870, p. 449, and the Proc. Amer. Ass. Adv. Science, 1871, p. 826. The sub-classes of fishes there recognized were five ; viz. the Holocephali, the Selachii, the Dipnot, the Crossopterygia, and the Actinop- tert. As it appears that the structural differences existing between the last two divisions are not so great as those which distinguish the others, it is proposed to combine them into a single sub-class, to be called the Oper- culata. The definitions of the four sub-classes will then be as follows :
I. Suspensorium continuous with the cartilaginous cran- ium, with no hyomandibular nor rudimental opercular bone ; no maxillary arch; pelvic bones present; axial series of fore limb shortened, the derivative radii sessile on the basal pieces ; axial series of hinder limb prolonged in (......... Holocephali.
Il. Suspensorium articulated with the cranium; no maxillary arch; no opercular nor pelvic bones; bones of HATE PPeA SUN LOH AS trey Srecws eh ent Neue ok ave loyal e ieistei/sieiave @ eteveiel cessayysiateiate Selachii.
III. Suspensorium rudimental, articulated with cranium, supporting one or more opercular bones ; cranium with su- perior membrane bones; no maxillary arch ; a median pel- vic element ; the limbs supported by segmented unmodified GDSBkk Avon Sou ded S06 bod dU COC DO ODE AED OnE e RODD duu cco dn one Dipnoit.
IV. Hyomandibular and palatoquadrate bones articulating with cranium, supporting opercular bones ; a maxillary arch ; no pelvic element ; axes of the limbs shortened, the derivative radii sessile on the basal pieces... 0.0... ccccecccccssseccsee Hyopomata.
The primary divisions of the Hyopomata are indicated by the structure
of the fins, of which there are three principal modifications, as follows : A. Derivative radii present in both limbs ; in the anterior
supported by an axial segment with one or more basal or
derivative radii, forming a peduncle ; in the hind limbs the
derivative radii sessile on axial segment only....-........ Crossopterygia. B. Derivative radii few in the fore limb, sessile on scapu-
la ; present in hind limb, and sessile on axial segment.... Chrondostet. C. Derivative radii few in the fore limb, sessile on the
scapula ; wanting or very few and rudimental on the hind
limb so that the dermal radii rest on the axial element.... Actinoptert. The classification of the Actinopter? then continues as in the memoirs
above quoted.
PROG. AMER. PHILOS. soc. xviI. 100. F
Cope.) 42 [May 4,
27. CORVINA AGASSIzII Steindachner Sitzungsber, K. K. Acad. Wiss. 1875
(April), p. 26. ;
Nos. 5 and 43, from Pacasmayo and Chimbote Bays. These specimens have an indistinct longitudinal stripe extending along each row of scales above the middle of the body ; cross-bands are not apparent. D XII-1-21; A 2-10. ;
28. BLENNIUS TETRANEMUS, sp. nov.
Radii; D. XIX-13; P. 13; V.I-2; A. II-18; first dorsal fin com- mencing above the preopercular border, with many of the rays of sub- equal length, which does not exceed the distance from their bases to the pectoral fin. An open notch between the first and the more elevated sec- ond dorsal fin. In only one out of seven specimens there is a pair of curved teeth behind the premaxillaries ; none in the lower jaw. Interor- bital space narrow, deeply grooved ; behind the orbits a transverse groove behind which the vertex is swollen. <A slender postnareal tentacle, a long tentacle above the posterior part of the orbit deeply split into four sub- equal portions ; no fringes at its base nor behind the orbit.
Orbit a little more than one-fourth the length of the head ; the head three and a-half times in the length without the caudal fin; depth four times in the same.
Color light brown, the sides marbled with darker brown ; seven quad- rate brown spots on each side of the base of the dorsal fin. Sides of head speckled with dark brown ; a large brown spot behind the eye which sepa- rates two wide light bars, one of which extends downwards and backwards from the eye, and one backwards. Anal fin dusky with a light margin ; dorsal with obscure brown shades.
M. Total length...... Suayepetevareteesicve sfutevase ror stacelelete wisiatetorcrettiove erste Length to base of pectoral..... sheet tise Ato ao ac Sank 019 ip vi WaUnMNsodo a5 nboIe Ab00c Bropaastepoaceeniets .016 sf *y MMB GA gos oS odO UU OD atin odod oma goon oor 033 Diam eter Of [On WUticc irc sicie wtostossneiet eve weteeetebine electors .0045 A LTTLELOUM LGA SPACE velo ololelsteleloteds rep erctet sine tet =iots .0015
From Pacasmayo Bay.
29. CLINUS MICROCIRRHIS Cuy. Val. XI p. 384. Geog. Hist. Chile Zool. IT p. 275. D. XR V—12';\ VM 485 AL ees: No. 39, from Callao Bay.
30. CLINUS FORTIDENTATUS, Sp. Nov.
A shorter species than the last with the external teeth in both jaws larger.
Radii; D. XIX-13; V. 15; V. 1-8; A. I-20; C. 1-12-1; the dor- sal fin commencing above the preopercular border ; the pectoral reaching to the base of the anal. Dorsal spines rather short, about half as long as the soft rays. The greatest depth is opposite the base of the pectoral fin ; the front is regularly decurved to the rather compressed muzzle, where the
1877.] 43
{Cope.
tips are about equal. Scales in a vertical line from the vent, 19-1-35. The diameter of the eye enters the length of the head 5.4 times; the head enters the length 4.17 times ; and the depth into the same 4.5 times. There is a small cirrhus at the anterior nostril ; a stout short one with a fringed border projecting from below the superior posterior border of the orbit, and a dermal flap with a fringed border on each side, extending from near the middle line, along the posterior border of the skul] to opposite the superior third of the orbit. The teeth in both jaws are of two kinds; the external larger in a single row, and the internal smaller, in several rows of the former are stout and compressed, and considerably exceed in size the corresponding ones of the C. monocirrhis. The patches of small teeth are confined to the anterior part of the lower jaw, but extend a little further posteriorly in the upper jaw. The palatine teeth are few and coarse.
M. Total length....... Raa eater a ae chetnciats sieleys! sae hal eves s atejaiore COS WOME LONOBD Ubicet srerete aie st erajortiarajeiaie.c acve.s svoi0 a atblee syed lelaent 022 ne Ase OUePEGlOLAM MM. cestaas«saiete) scsi sh cue tone ate retorats 073 fe ce MONIT SIA TUNL cee ote ictotas set sorepeye elevate cele acts, aah 115 2 Sere GEUULG MTT ater ateratatavay sce et seater ci2 craccveret oye see 025 Depa Orbow yl orreinrol, anal 5)! Pa es ae a eel 050 PARLOR DMT, WACUINS stort sales cic edi crae ee alate! ca'siaia sale wee ate .009
The color is a light, leathery-brown, with four vertical cross bars of a darker brown, of which lateral portion projects posteriorly from the dorsal portion. In addition to these, the body and head are thickly marked with small, dark-brown spots ; similar spots on the dorsal caudal and base of pectoral fins.
No. 40, Callao Bay.
31. SICYASES PYRRHOCINCLUS, sp. NOv.
A small species of rather slender form. The head is one-fifth of the total length including caudal fin; the depth of the body is one-eleventh of the same The long diameter of the/orbit is one-fourth that of the head, ex- ceeds the length of the muzzle, and enters the interorbital width one and one-half times. The front is flat, and the mouth very small, with a few large tridentate incisors, and a smaller number of smaller teeth on each side of them in each jaw. The incisors are six above, subvertical, and four below, subhorizontal. Radial formula D. 5; C. 1-7-1; A. 4; V. 4; P. 20. The posterior disc margin is wide, and extends in a broad lamina, ver- tically behind the pectoral fin. Pectorals and ventrals connected by mem- brane. Suctorial disc 5.6 times in total length; its anterior free margin narrow.
Measurements. M.
ALG HEN IICRT Des A 8 cree eRe Ooi a ca AGS FON 034 Gength tolanterion margin Of GisGs. 6. we... ieee eee een .0045
re POM AMEUSiaterarsicre: ¢ aceieis. sta.e-aielanre mete aroia {sack aie wlieiel ates .016
ss SPORES UOT LT apsts sma teecsot ty etches s.3 seve sais ataieleie sis 020
“E SOPLY ETE MM Ci “1a 2) ato) 5h oe 2 prolciaticiat st clsticiala.cheletetare «/<\ «ie .021
ee SOCAL © Gale vaccates etctoiniciets chalet dertcrenrerta's «1s 028
Cope. ] 44 {May 4,
The dorsal region is crossed by five wide brown spots, the anterior be- tween the bases of the pectoral fins, those following becoming successively nearer together. They are all joined together on the sides by a brown border which presents processes downwards so as to be scolloped. Be- low this the surface is white. The dorsal spaces enclosed between the spots, together with the top and sides of the head are marked with a crim- son network. Two chain-like bands on the operculum, and two on the base of the pectoral fin.
The precise locality from which this species was obtained, has not been preserved.
32. ATHERINA LATICLAVIA Cuv. Vol. X, p. 478. No. 41, Callao Bay.
33. BELONE ?TRUNCATA Les. Gunther Catal. Fishes Brit. Mus. VI. p. 224. Differs from Atlantic specimens in having the tail evenly though slightly emarginated. Radii; D.14; A. 17. No. 42: from Callao Bay. I find that in the genus Belone, the coronoid bone is distinct from the other mandibular bones, and is well-developed. In Amia, where it has been stated to be distinct, it is codssified in old individuals.
34. ORESTIAS CUVIERII Cuv. Val. XVIII p. 225.
Fin radii; D. 15; A. II. 16. Scales in fifty-three transverse series to above superior extremity of branchial fissure. Orbit one-fifth of head ; length of head 3.5 times in total without caudal fin. Top of head and each side of anterior dorsal region naked.
No. 142. Lake Titicaca.
30. TETRAGONOPTERUS IPANQUIANUS, Sp. nov.
This species is furnished with a series of teeth on the maxillary bone as in the 7. pectinatus, T. polyodon, etc., but is only camparable to the latter in adding to this character, a reduced number of radii of the anal fin. It differs from it in the smaller and more numerous scales.
The head is short, and the lower jaw robust and somewhat protuberant. Its length enters the total with caudal fin 5.75 times; it includes the diameter of the eye four times, which enters the diameter of the very con- vex interorbital space 1.6 times. Muzzle abruptly descending, shorter than orbit. The proximal two-thirds of the maxillary bone toothed. Dorsal fin originating behind the basis of the ventral, its last ray standing above the first anal ray. Caudal fin deeply forked, the superior lobe larger. Radii; D. I. 9; A. I. 28. Scales 11-54-61-8. The general form is mode- rately elongate, the depth entering the length without the caudal fin, three and one-fifth times.
M. otal alent iepersmise ietecienionete crs eases Sane FOOOe eee Nelly) Wenceth tomonblte errr ies rae iat Sontols tekete ei store "ie scta etote eit.
ag SGOTSH) MMe steers oie satis) aus’ oMepisetecesore i aot arenenesnremme cess <s COATING s rerete esos chapels ROIs Gate DD Rao O51 oe “Sram ailetiilcea scence ee eteve aleve WISE ae tenare teree RECA ed OW oi
1877.] 45 (Cope.
Color silvery, with a narrow dorsal dusky line, and a leaden shade along the upper part of the side, which continues to the notch of the caudal fin. The anterior part of this band is enlarged into a scapular spot.
Nos. 69-70 and 122 from the upper waters of the Urubamba, one of the sources of the Ucayale. The other species of this section of the genus, the T. polyodon Gthr. is from the neighborhood of Guayaquil.
Dedicated to the memory of the inca Ypanqui, who in the city of Cuzco on the Urubamba, the first of his line, devoted himself to monotheism.
36. ENGRAULIS TAPIRULUS, Sp. NOV.
There are minute teeth in both the jaws, and the obliquely truncated extremity of the maxillary bone does not reach the articulation of the man- dible with the quadrate. None of the fin rays are elongate, and the muzzle projects in a compressed, conical form beyond the mouth. The length of the head exceeds the depth of the body, and enters the total length without the caudal fin, three and one-third times. The depth of the body enters the same, four and one-fifth times. The eye is large, the diameter entering the length of the head four and one-half times, and ex- ceeding the length of the rather elongate gill-rakers. Fin radii; D. I. 11; A. 25; the former originating above a point behind the base of the ventral fins ; its last rays standing above the base of the first anal ray. Its first ray is equidistant between the base of the caudal fin, and the line of the anterior border of the orbit. Scales in 36-7 transverse series, deciduous. Abdomen moderately trenchant.
M. BUC RIE PETIPOD Eg os ciecd cio sie iste Ala! ajo son cel tala aba a etmle wate w ele o wes 120 BEIGE Oy OLUL torera oyeyets iene ols lofatela siete elaine vie einie oietele erehersel- .006 a CP MOLCeI OL OPCRGULUM se escraiere cicieisicrccie cle le are . .080 “9 CoS VeMt Call fis 2/616 Bratetsiierctaterenecociienorete sdaooeoe .050 Ge “* anal SA re vavterc Sie Wik aN otaad arstenclais Git, Saeco nck 070 i so CAC Meh Nersie (a. afafercnsie s fo¥ehs’ ale afore eietsteusitge pacou oily)
This species is, according to the descriptions given by Dr. Ginther, most nearly allied to the H. surinamensis, and H. poeyt, but differs in many respects. The two specimens probably came from Pacasmayo Bay.
37. TRICHOMYCTERUS PARDUS Cope, Proceedings Academy, Phila. 1874,
p. 182.
Numerous specimens from Jequetepeque.
After comparison of this first with many individuals both old and young, of the T. dispar, my opinion in favor of its specific distinctness from that species is confirmed. In order to present its characters in connection with those of other Trichomycteri, the following table is presented. A large specimen of the 7. pardus, which, according to the label, came from Callao Bay, differs from those from Jequetepeque in having small spots instead of the large blotches characteristic of the species :
I. Dorsal fin entirely in front of anal. a. Dorsal partly over base of ventrals.
Cope. } 46 {May 4, Head one-sixth total length;* D. 7-8; A. 5-6; form slender ; spots few, large....... ara Sai tte ale easter flo aictotera tarot eke T. pardus. II. Dorsal fin partly over anal fin. a. Dorsal fin partly over ventrak. Head 4.5 to 5.5 in total length; D.9; A. 6; gray, uni- fomm-orplackrspeckledst.% oseeeistenen se shcs eeeeieee : T. dispar. aa. Dorsal fin behind base of ventrals. Head 5 times in total; D. 7; A. 5; closely marbled with
dark brown above and below...» s+ «sss eceneec< Spies eite T. rivulatus. Head 6 times in total; D. 7; A. 6; straw-colored with a few TUMMSRSPICELES AUN chcte <-o re “crs arate oe rie a aikie: alavetemie teen acted hore are T. gracilis.
Head 6.5 and 7 times in total; D.8; A. 6; coarse, brown, confluent blotches, finer above anteriorly; forming two series posteriorly with pale band between.... ..........::- T. poeyanus.
The species, 7. maculatus, T. punctulatus and 7. areolatus C. & V., are characterized by a larger number of rays (11-15) in the dorsal fin, than that found in any of the preceding.
38. TRICHOMYCTERUS DISPAR Tschudi; Giinther, Catal. Brit. Mus. V, p.
278.
All the specimens of this species as above defined come from the head- waters of the Amazon, as was found to be the case by Tschudi (see Fauna Peruana). They are Nos. 89 and 92-4 and 101 from Tinta on the Vilcan- ota, the source of the Ucayali, elevation 11,400 feet ; Nos. 57-60 and 113- 121 from the Rio Urubamba at Urubamba, elevation 10,000 feet. The very young have an interrupted dark lead-colored lateral band, which with growth is resolved into spots, and disappears. None of the specimens present the numerous dorsal radiiascribed by Dr. Giinther to his 7. dispar, which is doubtless the 7. maculatus of Cuv. Val.
39. TRICHOMYCTERUS RIVULATUS Cuyv. Val. Vol. XVIII, p. 495.
This species, which is characterized by a smaller number of dorsal radii than the last, among other points, is represented by a large specimen (No. 143) from Lake Titicaca. Native name, Suche.
40. TRICHOMYCTERUS GRACILIS Cuv. Val. XVIII, p. 497.
The principal characters of this fish have been already pointed out. I add the following :
The depth of the body is one-sixth the total length with caudal fin. The eye is a little nearer the line connecting the posterior borders of the opercula than that which is tangent to the end of the muzzle. Nasal bar- bel extending a little beyond the eye. Radii; D. 61; C. 4-11-38; A. 51; V. Jha ee eee )y
The color is a greenish straw-color with very faint dots closely placed on the dorsal region ; lower surfaces unicolor ; spots more distinct on top of head. An indistinct dark band extends on each side of the dorsal region from the beard to behind the dorsal fin.
*Tneluding caudal fin.
1877." 47 {Cope.
M. Seat lep Wee ea Nay ts oh ac on 1d "a Ra's ava !a\e Ale Sin iernyelaterpies Biaiardtsi crete 290 ene teremd) OF Operculwm se eli va’ Neistoclenie oe siasees 042 4 See Ve WUE (UTI Acre yordiale ticles eroiatesissaretete maratare ofc aiitte<k oO es SPeVEMItiess si she sdgoubowone SGC SL OL OpROOe - 151 eG eM CLO TseU UM LUNe cee, vcare) sko ora. cisieiacererebeerctaey tetteretetetetel are 160 ee mn cATN Ga ee imu lca vt sus, st atereteiater shal state ape etactla rots Sverre 170 a 20 GUUOEN WO SER onaot Gd dfsnooounavaesAonodhae 250
This species resembles the light varieties of the 7. dispar, but differs in the more posterior position of the @orsal fin, and the smaller number of its radii.
No. 91, large specimen from Tinta
I give the above description of a species probably named by Cuvier and Valenciennes, but no one can ascertain from their writings whether this is the case or not.
41. TRICHOMYCTERUS POEYANUS Cope, sp. nov. TVrichomycterus rivulatus ‘*Cuv. Val.’’ Cope, Proceed. Academy, Philada. 1874, p. 182. This species, formerly identified by me as above, I now name, dedicating it to my friend Prof. Felipe Poey of Havana.
42. ARGES SABALO Cuyv. Val. XV, p. 335. Nos. 62-6 and 115 and 123, from the Rio Urubamba, at an altitude of 10,000 feet.
43. OPHICHTHYS UNISERIALIS, sp. nov.
Maxillary and mandibular teeth acute, in two series ; premaxillary and vomerine teeth in single series; no distinct canine teeth, the premax- illaries the largest. Cleft of the mouth moderate, -two-fifths the length of the head, which is one-half that of the body. Muzzle slightly projecting more than twice as long as the diameter of the eye. Body less than half as long as the tail. Pectoral fin a little more than one-third the length of the head, the dorsal originating nearly above its posterior sixth. Free portion of the tail very short ; the terminal inch of both dorsal and anal fins enclosed in a deep groove between two vertical dermal lamine. Length M. 0.330.
Color above dark brown, below a little paler, the two colors separated by a water line. Along the lower border of the dark brown is a series of small yellowish spots a half inch apart, which are invisible on the posterior half of the length.
From Peru, probably Pacasmayo.
A species allied to the O. parilis and O. dicellurus of Richardson.
44, MUSTELUS MENTO, sp. nov.
Snout elongate, the length anterior to the mouth, exceeding the width between the external borders of the anterior nostrils, and considerably greater than the length between the angles of the mouth, external measure- ment. Anterior base of the anterior dorsal fin above the middle of the inner border of the pectoral fin ; the extremity of posterior portion reach-
Cope.] 48 [May 4,
ing the line drawn vertically from the base of the ventral fin. The pos- terior extremity of the base of the second dorsal stands above the begin- ning of the last third of the base of the anal. The proximal portion of the inferior limb of the caudal fin, is very little prominent. The teeth are transverse and present only a low transverse median keel.
Uniform leaden brown above ; below light yellowish brown.
M. MotalslenathPpmanccoss o- cee ce SOs US tod DudouueS 3808 Length to bases of superior teeth............. 30 1a0h006 .026 Ho SMe ECLOMA MMS A ciye fy ob -letarenersekorncte crake erate 072 oe “o> Svieriral sins. om eters Biro ereeiicie eietershe 143 se EE sb QING FUN Shes ce dfay ont ototer reset sees pe ereneerers .202 Width between upper lips at angle of mouth........... .019
From the Pacific Ocean at Pacasmayo, Peru.
This shark differs from the species described by Giinther in the relatively long muzzle and narrow arcade of the mouth, excepting in the case of the M. manayo Schieg., which differs from the Jf mento in the more poste- rior position of the dorsal fin. Prof. Gill has described two species from the Pacific Ocean, the W. californicus and M. dorsalis.* The former differs from the present one in the more posterior position of the ventral fins which are considerably behind the posterior angle of the dorsal, and the muzzle is shorter. In the WZ. dorsalis from Panama the dorsal fin is, ac- cording to Prof. Gill, more posterior in position, since only one-fourth of its base stands above the pectoral; in MW. mento, three-fourths of the base of the dorsal stands above the ventral fin.
45. PSAMMOBATIS BREVICAUDATUS, Sp- nov.
Anterior borders of the disc broadly rounded, consisting of the anterior portions of the pectoral fins, the only indication of the snout being a small tubercle below the median point. Disc broader than long, subrhombic, the lateral margins broadly rounded. Posterior border of pectoral fin overlap- ping the anterior part of the ventral. Ventral fins with the border not very deeply emarginate. Tail only one-fifth longer than the claspers, with broad lateral fold, two superior, and a rudimental terminal fin. Nasal fis- sures with two lamine, which are not united with each other nor with those of the opposite side. The posterior or internal is anteroposterior, the anterior or external, is rolled into a tube.
The distance between the outer margins of the nostrils is equal to that between each one and the extremity of the snout, and one-half greater than that between each and the nearest part of the margin of the disc. The in- terorbital space is little concave, and is wide, exceeding the combined length of the orbit and spiracle. The upper surface of the head, and a broad band on both surfaces of the anterior part of the disc are covered with minute spinules. The other surfaces are smooth, with the follow- ing exceptions. Two spines anterior to the orbit above ; a spine near the
* Proceedings Academy, Phila., 1864, p. 148-9.
1877.) 49 [Cope. inner border of the spiracle. A row ofa few spines between the orbit and the lateral free border, nearer the latter ; six or eight on the median line of the middle portion of the back ; a double row parallel to the border of the pectoral fin, extending an inch within it, on its anterior half only ; a series on the median line of the tail. i
M.
Motalen eth. - 1. arte rehsteterve Weeivereiwiere niece squcnoadaeac B07
SOM RCRD elo ar ah dale a'sh0;e's, s(arsrdi ll o Waa: «6. )514 Byoeigie mipieioies 27 Length to mouth....... Seip, eget Pesan n star sore skcraeiot aleve arereroree 038
$3 Seen CHM ener tatevercralersis(oraicte toler ails ialeteint etait oye:ofoveronstel wists 190
+ See ABEL Ol, tall foyer oe) 6« ates steaiay si srete oxavelsefens exe . 215 Ex MMSC LOM VEIMULML. 111Ge arersys)afeiercsc:oisleleyors: eieieve ecaterensl asters Se gl Tian Or Tbe Sw ROLLY 6 e556 ete < 15 oe aha oss) c/dienct'syo1c sis) o o\e-evsieitelele, fet te 029
Upper surfaces lead colored with indistinct darker shades ; middle of the anterior portion of the muzzle pale, with a dark spot behind it. From the Bay of Pacasmayo, Peru.
On the Brain of Procamelus Oceidentalis. By E. D. Cope.
(Read before the American Philosophical Society, May 4, 1877.)
I obtained a complete cast of the cranial chamber of the Procamelus occidentalis, which bears a fair proportion to the general dimensions of the skull. As compared with a llama of about the same size, the facial por- tion of the skull is longer, while the postorbital portion is as long, but narrower. This is indicated by the following measurements :
Procamelus Auchenia occidentalis, lama.
Length of skull anterior to orbit............ .180 158 of «« posterior SMart y as ofctastchs Ae eal) 105 Width ** at anterior border of orbit.... .080 .990 2 sf middle of zygomatic fossa.. .062 065
The olfactory lobes of the brain have nearly the same position in the two species, extending anteriorly to opposite the middle of the orbits.
The brain exhibits large cerebellum and hemispheres, and rather small olfactory lobes. The cerebellum is entirely uncovered by the hemispheres but is in contact with them. The lateral lobes and vermis are well devel- oped. The hemispheres are well convoluted, the longitudinal posterior con- volutions giving way anteriorly to lobulate ones. The sylvian fissure is well marked. The sides of the medulla oblongata are compressed and vertical at the pons, in correspondence with the vertical position of the petrous bones. The origins of the ophthalmic and maxillary branches of the trigeminus nerve are not divided by a septum, while that of the man-
PROC. AMER. PHILOS. soc. xvil. 100. G
Cope. ; 50 [May 4,
dibular branch is quite distinct from the others. The optic nerves are large. The olfactory lobes are separated by a deep fissure below the ex- tremity of the hemispheres ; they project freely beyond the latter, being separated by a deep fissure. Their free portions are short, truncate and compressed. The anterior pyramids are not preserved on the inferior face of the cast of the medulla oblongata. The hippocampal lobes are subround and protuberant.
From the detailed description following, it may be derived, that while the arrangement of the convolutions of the anterior lobes of the hemi- spheres is more simple than in any recent Ruminant, that of the middle and posterior lobes is essentially similar to that characteristic of the latter order of Mammalia.*
The brain displays the characters of the older types of Ruminantia, although not materially smaller than that of the llama, an animal which it equaled in general proportions. The hemispheres are, however, not pro- duced so far posteriorly in the Procamelus as in the Auchenia, reaching only to the line of the meatus auditorius externus in the former.
The vermis of the cerebellum rises abruptly from the medulla, having a nearly vertical direction to a point a little lower than the superior plane of the hemispheres. The lateral lobes extend on each side of it, each one having a rather greater width that the vermis. Their posterior faces are sub-vertical, and are directed slightly forwards. Each projects laterally into an apex at the middle of its elevation, and then contracts downwards into the angular line which marks the posterior border of the petrous bone. From a point between each apex and the vermis a ridge rises ob- liquely inwards to the superior plane of the cerebellum, where each one enlarges and joins the median transverse line. The angle above described as descending from the lateral apex of the cerebellum curves forwards, forming a lateral angular border of the pons varolii on each side. The flat space enclosed between this line and the posterior border of the hemi- sphere is interrupted by two prominent tuberosities. The superior is small, sub-oval, and is near to the posterior border of the hemisphere. The other is a short prominent ridge directed downwards and forwards, just behind the lobus hippocampi. Its inferior end corresponds with the origin of the mandibular branch of the trigeminus, and perhaps the facial nerve.
The medulla oblongata is contracted at the foramen magnum, and has a sub-round section slightly flattened below. Its inferior face is then rounded, then flattened, and then concave between the anterior part of the lateral ridges. The bases of the maxillary branches of the trigeminus nerves are stout, and directly in line with the origins of the mandibulars. Between them the base of the brain is concave, and the optic nerves issue but a little distance in front of them. The lobi hippocampi are sub-round and rather prominent ; they are terminated in front at the foramen spheno- orbitale by the contraction of the cranial walls. Their surface displays
* See Paul Gervais’ Journal de Zoblogie, I, 1872, p. 459.
2a
1S
6, 1877.
2 ro)
Procamelus occidental
Proc. Amer Phil. Soc. Vol. XVI, No. 100, D.
}
rea
in
~
1877. ] 51 [Cope. slightly defined convolutions, the best marked being inferior and sub- round in form.
The cerebral hemispheres, viewed from above, have an oval outline, and are rather narrower anteriorly than posteriorly, They contract posteriorly from the sylvian convolution. The profile descends gradually to the olfac- tory lobes. The superior surface is little convex in the transverse direc- tion. The fissure of Silvius is nearly vertical in position, and its superior extremity is visible from above. <A strongly marked fissure extends poste- riorly from it, defining the lobus hippocampi above. The sylvian convolution the thickest of all, and its outer border is emarginate in front and behind ; below the postero-superior emargination it is thickest and most protuber- ant. Between it and the position of the falx there are three longitudinal convolutions, the external, the median, and the internal. These are slight- ly divergent posteriorly, but the posterior extremities of those of one side tend to unite on the posterior border of the hemisphere. Their surfaces aresmooth. The external is widest medially ; and it terminates anteriorly just behind the apex ef the sylvian convolution. The internal is double posteriorly ; the median is simple, and unites with the internal above the apex of the sylvian convolution. The two conjoined continue for a short distance and terminate in a broad tuberosity. Below the external con- volution on the side of the posterior part of the hemisphere there are four small longitudinal convolutions. The orbital portion of the hemispheres is extensive, and nearly smooth from the olfactory lobes to the supra- orbital border. This is not prominent, but is represented by a short longi- tudinal ridge. Above each of these, on the superior or front aspect of the hemispheres, is a massive convolution bent crescent-shaped, with the con vexity inwards. The posterior part of the convolution is a sub-round tuberosity which stands opposite to, and in front of, the furrow separating the sylvian and median convolutions. The middle part of the crescent is less prominent, but the anterior extremity forms another tuberosity whose long axis is directed downwards and outwards. The crescentic convolu- tion of the one side is separated from that of the other by a wide, shallow, median longitudinal groove, which extends transversely at the posterior tuberosities. The two tuberosities and the olfactory lobes form three de- scending steps.
As compared with the brains of the existing Bovide that of the Procamelus differs in the forms of the cerebellum and medulla oblongata as already pointed out. The hemispheres differ in being shorter behind and more depressed in front. The convolutions of the posterior region are the same in number as in the sheep, but are less undulating in their outlines ; but there is a marked difference in the anterior convolutions. The median convolutions do not, as in the sheep, extend to the extremity of the anterior lobe, but terminate above the sylvian fissure, so that there only remain in front of them the two large supraorbital convolutions, instead of the four common to existing Bovide and Cervide.* In this respect it more nearly
*See Leuret et Gratiolet Anatomie comparée du Systeme Nerveux, 1839-57, Atlas, pls. vii-x.
Cope. ] 52 [May 20, 1877.
resembles Oreodon, but in this genus the internal convolution is continu- ous with the supraorbital.*
EXPLANATION OF PLATE.
Brain of Procamelus occidentalis from a cast, two-thirds the natural size. Fig. 1. View of the left side.
Fig. 2. View of the superior surface.
Fig. 3. View of the inferior surface.
On the Vertebrata of the Bone Bed in Eastern Lilinois. By E. D. Cops. Read before the American Philosophical Society, May 20, 1877.
It is already well known that a few years ago, Dr. J. C. Winslow dis” covered in the Eastern part of the State of Illinois, a bone bed containing the fragmentary remains of reptiles and fishes. From some of this material placed in my hands, I identified four species of Vertebrata, two Rhynchocephalian reptiles, one a Dipnoan and one Selachian fish}. These were named, Cricotus heteroclitus, Clepsydrops collettii, Ceratodus vinslovit, and Diplodus sp. indet. It was stated in connection with the descriptions of these, that they indicate Triassic or Permian age for the bed in which they were found, since on the one hand Reptilia have not been found in the coal measures, nor on the other hand has the genus Diplodus been found above the Carboniferous series of rocks.
Doctor Winslow, in response to my inquiries, has sent for my examina- tion another series of these fossils, which contains several species not previously known from the formation. Subsequently William Gurley discovered another exposure of the bone bed, and obtained a number of useful specimens, including some of species not previously known, which he also kindly placed at my disposal. To both these gentlemen I desire to express my sense of the obligation under which they have laid me. Descriptions of some of the species are now given ; a complete account of the fauna is reserved for an illustrated memoir now in preparation.
STRIGILINA LINGU4FORMIS Cope, gen. et sp. nov. Petalodontidarum.
Char. Gen. The tooth is a flat osseous plate whose outline is pyriform, the wider end recurved in one direction as the transverse cutting edge ; the other extremity narrowed and recurved in the opposite direction as the root. The side from which the cutting edge arises is crossed by numerous plice from the base of the root to near the base of the cutting edge ; the Opposite side is smooth.
The genus appears to resemble most nearly the Climazxodus of McCoy,
* Leidy, Extinct Fauna, Dak, and Nebraska, pl. xiv, fig. 11. + Proceedings Academy Philadelphia, 1876, p. 404.
1877.] 53 (Cope.
especially such species as the one figured by T. P. Barkas in the Atlas of his Manual of Coal Measure Paleontology PI. I figs. 35-7 (Manual p. 20). From the latter it differs in the transverse instead of continuous relation of the edge and root to the main body of the tooth ; the root does not appear to be differentiated at all in Climazxodus, while it is distinctly marked in Strigilina.
Char. Specif. The plicate surface terminates behind ina median angle, at the base of the root. There are eight plicze which allcross the plane, except- ing the sixth, which is interrupted in the middle by the strong angulation of the seventh, which touches the fifth. The lateral extremities of the right are in contact with the base of the recurved cutting portion. The latter is convex transversely, leaving a smooth surface between it and the eighth plica. The smooth side of the tooth is shining, and there is a shallow fold which passes round its side and crosses just at the base of the recurved cutting lamina. The edge of the lamina is unfortunately broken.
M PROtAlpleMc thors planes... nccset-see es escet occas stascaderses onesie ce .008 Width ate base of cuttinio: JaMINay. jin..4..0c.sceoccnecoseo ener oe .006 AVE reLE DASE LOL OM. 1 crews cess coreedsssscdleeNddeteid anlndseosad be 004 HUCK MN ESStOME DIAM EH MP ONGIOM. cescieoce cased ecsescen-scadecssoces: 0015
This species was found by William Gurley.
SELACHII.
DiPLopus ?coMPREssUS Newberry.
A few teeth of Diplodus found, are none of them perfectly preserved. One with a lateral and median denticles nearly complete, agrees pretty well with the species cited.
DIPNOT.
CERATODUS VINSLOVII Cope Proceed. Acad. Philada. 1876, p. 410. CERATODUS PAUCICRISTATUS Cope, sp. nov.
The single tooth representing this species is narrow in the transverse direction, but stout in vertical diameter. But four ridges are present, all of which have a single direction, but the shorter ones are the less oblique to the long axis of the tooth. They all extend into the inner border, but become low as they approach it. Distally they are quite prominent, but do not project very far beyond the emarginate border between them. The inner border is plane and vertical, and without ledge ; the inferior surface is concave in the transverse direction. The surface of the tooth is minutely and elegantly corrugated.
ihenoth from base Of SECON LID. -.2..0c0<.s+ccasessccseceesceee .0170 Ment heateoase Of SCCONC TID s..ocscaccictaasccetacescccerseeatsees 0045 From the collection of Dr. J. C. Winslow.
CTENODUS FOSSATUS Cope, sp. nov.
Represented by a nearly perfect tooth of a general narrow and vertically thickened form. There are five crests, the largest three extended in one
Cope.] 54 {May 20,
direction, and the other two in the other.- Between the last of the latter and the inner border is a rudiment of another in the form a rugosity. None of the crests touch each other at their bases. At their extremities they curve rather abruptly downward, and do not project beyond the in- ferior plane, from which each one is separated by a deep fossa, whose mouth is a notch in its base. The crests are coarsely dentate, there being three or four teeth on each, and the grooves between them are marked by coarse transverse undulating grooves. The inner border is a deep vertical plane ; the inferior face is narrow and concave in transverse section.
Motel Meret hye. accictice ied doviaws oon saen ee maeesae seen cee eace eed aocees mee Greatest width........... aa #) Waite sebisacrleatls Secateoe Se des steenastetele ae OOM Deptheat mid dle ct cscssssssessenwececetierteces uectece tee setae . .006
This is the first species of this carboniferous genus found at this locality. It differs from the C. serratus Newberry in its narrow form, small number of ridges, and the very slight prolongation of their extremities.
CTENODUS GURLEYANUS Cope, sp. nov.
This species is indicated by a portion of a tooth, which leaves the number of the ridges a matter of uncertainty. On this account its description might have been postponed, but that the distinctness of its characters, render it clear that it cannot be placed with any of the other species. The crown, as in Ceratodus paucicristatus, is narrow and rather thick ; but three crests are present, all radiating in the same general direction, the longer close to the inner border. There was not more than one additional crest, or one and a rudiment, and these have probably the same direction as those which are preserved. The crests are sharp, elevated, and coarsely dentate ; they are not decurved at the extremity, but cease abruptly with a projecting denticle, beneath which the basis is excavated by a shallow fossa. The inferior face is slightly concave, the internal wall vertical.
Greatest wwaditliyie ny oriole cioelertoichleteeieiots tekken tiem US Depthvatunmer orderns sc -\-ras\cvelisleieie se cei teeeisilerei ne OO ORE
This Clenodus is dedicated to William Gurley, to whose efforts science is indebted for this and several other interesting paleontological studies.
CROSSOPTERYGIA.
PEPLORHINA ARCTATA sp. nov.
Based on an unsymmetrical bone, bearing teeth, to be referred to the position of pharyngeal, pterygoid, palatine, or half of the vomerine ele- ments. From the resemblance of the teeth to those on the palate of Pep- lorhina anthracina, 1 refer it provisionally to the corresponding position in ‘the mouth of a second species of that genus. This course is open to modi- fication should subsequent investigation require it.
The bone is plate-like and diamond-shaped, with the longer angles both recurved. The convex surface is thickly studded with teeth, which are not in contact with each other. Their size increases from one side of the
1877.] 55 [Cope. bone to the other, and still more, from one extremity to the other. The crowns are swollen at the nearly sessile base, and contract rapidly to a con- ical and unsymmetrical apex. Those of the smaller teeth are more coni- cal, those of the larger more bulbiform. One side of the latter is slightly concave below the apex. The surface is shiny and distinctly grooved. Fractured crowns do not display any central cavity. There are sixty-five teeth on the plate.
PRIM VORTAC is alates s as oe civ eso ts sind el wioe cp areretend 6 WG: iWadthton-short) border... «..is.e.. Soptete teeetosets Seton cre 8 S007 Transverse width........ Sie ahshelay ores sie dahl ststelocra cater UOT WS ipilte seein. sient heared cee eee se daelasvl seve sate 5002
OTHER TEETH.
Teeth of four other species have been found by Doctor Winslow, to which I allude only briefly, as their characters are not sufficient to enable me to distinguish them from those of known genera and species.
Species one. Thisis represented by a fragment of mandibular ramus, which supports six teeth, all of which have a greater or less part of their apices broken away. They stand in close juxtaposition, and are of equal sizes. The basal half or more of the crown displays the character of deep inflections or grooves. These teeth belong to some sauroid fish, or to a batrachian.
Specie two. . This is also represented by a portion of mandibular ramus which supports four teeth. The anterior of these is larger, and is separ- ated from the others by an edentulous space. Their crowns are rather elongate and are compressed, having cutting edges fore and aft. Both edges contract to the apex, but the anterior the most so. There are a few shallow grooves at the base, but they appear to be superficial only. These teeth might belong to either a reptile or a batrachian, and it is useless to attempt to distinguish them by a name from the many genera of both classes that resemble them.
Species three. Twostout, slightly flattened, conic teeth without cutting edges, represent this species., They are anchylosed to a very thin plate of bone, a part of which adheres to each. The base is oblique, expanding more in one direction than another. The greater part of the crown is marked by closely placed parallel grooves, which are much more numer- ous than in the species No. 1. They are larger than these or No. 2, measuring .004 in diameter at the base. They may belong to any one of a number of known genera of Batrachia, or Sauroid fishes.
Species No. 4. These are more numerously represented than the others, occurring in Mr. Gurley’s collection as well as in Dr. Winslow’s first collection. There is nothing to prevent their reference to the Lacertilia, and I have thought that there is some probability of there being referable to the Clepsydrops collettii. They are not rooted, but are anchylosed in a shallow concavity of the jaw bone, which is only distinguished from that for the adjacent tooth by the corresponding scolloping of the lower margin
Pe 56 [May 20,
of the jaw. The opposite margin is a little more elevated and is more closely anchylosed to the base of the tooth. The crown is conic, subround in section, and curved backward. There are no cutting edges, and the base is a little flattened in front and in behind. On each of the faces thus formed, there is an open, shallow groove, sometime obsolete. There are no other grooves nor sculpture on the teeth.
Each specimen of this tooth is single, and anchylosed to the same (cor- responding) part of the jaw. The tooth is at one extremity of the alveolar groove ; above the opposite end is the basis of a bone attached at right angles (? prefrontal or malar). One of the specimens displays an extensive pulp cavity.
Wen thVorycrowihs-ceccectectase se ieee dshiiseatowcanehe SOCERCSESE .010 Diameter at base....... avwaesces eapiededaeseisienses de sines otests eae ta bie ice 004
ACTINOPTERI.
In the transactions of this Society, published in 1871, and more fully in the Proceedings of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, at the meeting of 1871 (published early in 1872), I showed that the supposed order of Ganoids as defined by Miller, is not a homogeneous or natural association of types. I pointed out that the recent genera must be distributed between two divisions of fishes of high rank, viz.: the Crossop- terygia, and the Actinopter?. The last-named division was believed to in- clude the fishes previously known as Chondrostei and Teleostei. Some of the so-called Ganoids of Miller and Agassiz were referred to different sub- divisions of the Actinopter?. In a paper recently published in the Pro- ceedings* of this Society, a better expression of natural affinities was thought to be obtained, by regarding the Crossopterygia, the Chondroste?, and the Actinopter?, as forming a single sub-class of the class Pisces, under the name of Hyopomata, the other sub-classes being the Dipnoz, the Selachia, and the Holocephali. '
I had already referred Phaneropleuron+ to the Dipnot, when Dr. Ginther’s and Prof. Huxley’s researches into the structure of Ceratodus forsterii led them to place this genus also in the same sub-class. Ginther also refers the fossil genera Dipterus, Chirodus and Conchodus to the Dipnoi, and with these must go Ctenodus and its immediate allies. The Polypteridw and Celacanthide, which were arranged by Huxley, with the preceding forms in his sub-order Crossopterygia,{ are clearly Hyopomata, having well developed hyomandibular and maxillary bones, as well as characters of the pectoral fins equally wanting to the Dipnot. It is thus evident that the division Crossopterygia, as left by Huxley, cannot be maintained, but that it must rest entirely on the definitions given by me in the papers above quoted, where the two families mentioned were the only ones referred to it. It is possible that a strict adhesion to the law
* May, 1877. .
+ Transactions American Philosophical Society, XIV, 1871, p. 450.
* Memoirs of the Geological Survey, Great Britain, Decade X.
1877.) 57 [Cope.
of priority will require that the name Ganozdei should be retained for this division.
The tribe Actinoptert as left in my latest paper above quoted (May, 1877), has slightly different boundaries from those originally prescribed for it, since the Chondrostei are now excluded from it. As then and now under- stood, it is nearly identical with the Yeleostec of Miller, a name which I should adopt for it, were it not that some of his Ganotdei and numerous extinct forms with unossified vertebral column belong to it. For such fishes the name of Miiller is too glaringly inapplicable to be employed.
After excluding the extinct genera of Hyopomata which are clearly Crossopterygia and Chondrostet, there remains a numerous assemblage, whose relationships to existing types of fishes have never yet been ascer- tained. I refer especially to the families of the Lepidoides, Sawroides and Pycnodontes, of the Poissons Fossiles of Agassiz, and other forms subse- quently described; among others, the Dorypterus of Germar. The only bond which retained these forms in connection with the fossil Crossopterygian fishes, the rhombic and enameled scales, may be safely disregarded in view of the important characters of the skeleton which declare their affini- ties to be diverse; the more as some of the latter (Celacunthida) have rounded seales, and Leptolepis and other genera referred by Agassiz to the Sauroides, have cycloid scales. The heterocercal character of the tail of some of them, is of but little greater weight. I have already shown that fishes presenting this character (Lepidosteus, Amia) do not differ in other respects from other Actinopteri, while the still lower isocercal condition is often seen in the latter. Further, the extinct genera do not agree among themselves in this respect, some bring heterocercal, and some isocercal..
The question remains as to the proper location of the families just named, in the tribe Actinopter?. It has been impossible to discover all of the characters necessary to the fullest elucidation of this question, but the greater number of them have been satisfactorily ascertained. The follow- ing results are therefore approximations to the truth which I believe that future researches into the osteology will confirm. At the least they are much nearer to an expression of nature than any yet attained.
As regards the general affinities represented by the terms P/ysostomi and Physoclysti, there is no doubt that the Lepidoides and Sauroides exhibit the former. This is seen in the uninterrupted conjunction of the parietal bones (where it has been possible to observe the parts), and in the ab- dominal position of the ventral fins, and extent of the maxillary bone; as well as in the less important features of the absence of all ctenoid charac- ters of scales and preoperculum, lack of spinous rays, etc. The Pycno- dontide present in general similar characters, and add nothing which should separate them widely from the Lepidoid genera of Agassiz, especial- ly the family of the Dapediide. Like these, however, they approach nearer to the Physoclysti in the anterior continuation of the interneural spines as far as the skull. This character is found also in some Physostomous fishes, z. e. the greater number of Characinide, the Elopide, Umbrida and some
PROC. AMER. PHILOS. soc. xvii. 100. H
Cope. | 58 [May 20,
Nematognathi. The Dorypteride present a number of peculiar features, approaching still more closely the Physoclysti in their thoracic ventral fins.
We may now consider the relations of the Lepidoides and Sauroides to the known physostomous orders.
The scapular arch being suspended to the cranium renders comparison with some recent orders with a free scapular arch, unnecessary. The simplicity of the anterior vertebrae leaves out of account the Nemutognathi and Plectospondyli, The only orders with which we can compare them are those represented by their old companions in the Poissons Fossiles, the Ginglymodi, the Halecomorphi and the Lsospondyli.
Although the Sawuwroides included the genus Lepidosteus in Agassiz’s system, I cannot find that any of the fishes of the two families under con- sideration possess the peculiar vertebree of that genus, which in part char- acterizes the order Ginglymodi. Neither have any of them the segmented maxillary bone. The real alternative is between the last two of the above named orders. Now the principal skeletal character which distinguishes these two, is found in the pectoral fin. In the Halecomorphi there are numerous basilar radii attached to a cartilaginous mesopterygium, in the Tsospodyli there are but three or four such bones sessile on the scapular arch. After examining a number of specimens of species of both the Agassizian families named, I have been unable to discover any basilar bones what- ever, and have suspected that they were, in the complete skeleton, of car- tilaginous character, Professor Agassiz figures this region in his restora- tion of the ‘‘ Lepidoid’”’ genus Platysomus, and of the ‘‘Sauroid”’ genera Macrosemius and Caturus. In these, he represents the small number of basilar bones characteristic of the Zsospondyli, and placed in the close rela- tion to the scapular arch, which is seenin the same order. A consultation of the numerous figures given by Agassiz, Thiolliere, and others, has failed to discover a single instance exhibiting the peculiar basilar pectoral bones of Amia. This could scarcely be so uniformly the case did such bones exist, so that with Prof. Agassiz restorations coinciding, I can only for the present refer these fishes to the Jsospondyli.
Their other special characters are so numerous, that they must be taken account of in deciding on their ordinal relations. If we, for the present, distinguish the two families as did Agassiz, we include in the Lepidoides the genera with teeth en brosse or in a single row, and sub-equal and ob- tuse ; and in the Sauroides the genera with teeth of unequal sizes, some being large and raptorial, the others minute. Of the Lepidoid genera, Agassiz states that the vertebree are osseous in Lepidotus, and says the skeleton of Amblypterus is osseous, without particularizing the vertebre. The posterior vertebre of Paleoniscus he states to be ossified, while in Platysomus, Tetragonolepis and Dapedius, the centra are not certainly osseous. In all of these genera the neural and hemal arches are distinctly articulated with the centra. Platysomus, Dapedius and Tetragonolepis, present the important character of a series of basilar interneural and inter- heemal bones, the interneurals commencing in Platysomus at the head.
1877.] o9 Cope.
This character separates these species widely from the other genera of the “* Lepidotdes.”’
As regards the ‘‘ Swuroides,”’ the vertebral centra are always represented as ossified, and the neural and heemal arches articulated, with the possible exception of Thrissops* where the arches are represented as continuous ; the same point is not certainly determined in Hugnathus. None of the genera which I have seen, have the basilar interneural and interhemal spines found in the Dapediide, above mentioned, nor are they figured or de- scribed by authors.
In these characters of the two groups, there isnothing allying the genera to the Halecomorphi rather than to the Jsospondyli. The absence of the basilar interhzemals from all excepting the Dapediide is additional evidence of Isospondylous affinities. The ganoid scales of most of the genera, do not separate them from the typical forms of this order more widely than the Arapema, nor the vertebrated caudal fin more widely than the existing Notopterus. The number of vertebrz included in the axis of the caudal fin in the extinct genera is shown by Agassiz to be very variable. In Meg- alurus, this region resembles that of Amita; in Leptolepis and Caturus, the vertebre are not more numerous than in the Seurodontide, while in Thrissops the fin is homocercal, in the Agassizian sense.
As already remarked, the Pyenodontide present some points of resem- blance to the Dupediide. All the points necessary to a complete elucida- tion of their structure have not yet been observed, so that my conclusions are necessarily imperfect. A point of resemblance to the Plectognathi is seen in the cartilaginous space between the interneural and interhemal spines and their respective fins ; a space occupied in the Dapediide and Dorypteride, by the basilar interneurals and interhemals. This charac- ter is however not universal in the Pycnodontide. Prof. Agassiz speaks (Poissons Fossiles) of a maxillary bone, which bearsa few teeth, in this fam- ily. This character will distinguish it at once from the Plectognathi and all other physoclystous orders. The abdominal position of the ventral fins and unmodified anterior vertebrze, indicate that these fishes may forthe present be placed with the preceding, in the /sospondyli. There they are well distinguished by the peculiar inverted chevron-like bones which pro- tect the dorsal and lateral regions in front of the dorsal fin. Prof. Agas- siz describes the vertebre of Pycnodus as osseous; M. Thiolliere figures some species as without osseous centra, a condition I have observed in some specimens.
The characters of the Dorypteride are, according to the very full description of Messrs. Hancock and Howse,} more strongly peculiar. A1- though these fishes may be referred to the Physoclyst/, on account of the thoracic position of their ventral fins, they present features which will not permit a reference to any known order. It has been shown that they
*Description des Poiss. Foss. proy. d. 1. Gisem,. Jurass. d. le Bugey ; premiere livr. Thiolliere et Gervais. + Quarterly Journ. Geolog. Society, London, 1870, p. 628.
Cope. ] 60 [May 20,
possess the basilar interneural bones, which as I have pointed out,* only exist in the Physoclysti in small development in the Batrachide; and occur in various degrees of development in some Physostomi, being especially elongate in the anal fin of Ama. It is even possible that another element enters into the series connecting the neural spines with the dorsal fin-rays. The pectoral fin possesses fourteen or fifteen basilar radial bones ; a character which like the last, is not found in the Plectognathi; these fishes having but three or four such elements. These two points indicate a lower position than that of the latter order, and a relation to it similar to that which Amu bears to the Jsospondyli. It goes to show that even among some of the earlier fishes, physoclystous characters were fore- shadowed. I therefore establish a new order for its reception to take its place at the base of the line of Physoclysti.
As a résumé of the preceding inquiry, the following table of the families treated of, with their definitions, is now given :
Order ISOSPONDYLI.
Physostomous fishes with distinct parietal bones; unmodified anterior vertebre ; and three or four basilar bones of the pectoral fin. Symplectic and preecoracoid bones present so far as known.
Fam. Sauropstpai (Sauroides Agass. partim. )
Teeth of different sizes, the large raptorial ones mingled with small ones ; vertebral column osseous ; no basilar interneurals or interheemals.
1. Caudal fin with many vertebre ; scales rhomboid ;—Pygopterus, Hugna- thus. 2. Caudal fin with few vertebre ; scales rhomboid ;—Pachycormus,+
Sauropsis, Macrosemius, Belonostomus, Aspidorhynchus.
3. Caudal fin with numerous vertebre ; scales rounded ;—Megalurus, Cal-
lopterus, + Attakeopsis. t 4. Caudal fin with few vertebre (in some instances apparently none);
scales rounded ;—Caturus, Leptolepis, Anedopogon,S Thrissops. Fam. Leprporipa, (Lepidoides Agass. partim.)
Teeth simple, often obtuse, in one or many rows, without elongate ones intermixed; no basilar interneurals or interhemals; vertebree with the centra incompletely ossified ; | (scales rhomboid ; caudal fin vertebrated. )
Amblypterus, Palwoniscus, Eurynotus, Semionotus, Lepidotus, Pholido- phorus, Microps, Notagogus, Ophiopsis, Cosmolepis, Plenropholis. Fam. Dapepipa mihi.
Teeth uniform, obtuse ; vertebree with incompletely ossified centra ; || the interneural spines commencing at the head; a complete series of basilar interneural and interhzemal spines ;| Platysomus, Dapedius, Tetragonolepis.
* Transac. Amer. Philos, Soc. 1871, XIV, p. 451.
+ Vide P. heterurus and P. macropterus Ag.
{ Thiolliere et Gervais Poissons Foss. de Bugey.
7 Cope, Proceedings American Philosophical Society, 1871, p. 53. | These statements are derived from Agassiz, Poissons Fossiles.
q Agass. Poiss. Fossiles, II. Pl. D. fig. 2.
1877.) 61
[Cope.
Fam. PycnNopoNTIDz,
Teeth obtuse molar, covering the vomer and palatine bones; no basilar interneural and interhemal bones; chevron-shaped bones protecting the dorsal region, their branches extending on the sides ; abdomen protected by similar bones, which form plates on the median line ; interneurals continued far forwards.—Microdon, Pycnodus, Gyrodus, Mesodon.
Order DocorTERI mihi.
Scapular arch suspended to the cranium ; pectoral fin with numerous, (not more than fifteen known) basal radii; ventral fins thoracic. Dorsal and anal fins with basilar interneurals.
Fam. DORYPTERIDA.
Vertebral column osseous ; caudal fin not or very shortly vertebrated. Interneural spines corresponding with the basilars on the abdominal, but not on the caudal parts of the vertebral column. Ribs complex, united with abdominal dermal bones which form a series of median plates.
None of the Isospondylous families above described possess the dental] characters of the Saurodontidea, i. e. the long fangs set in deep alveoli.
RHYNCHOCEPHALIA.
CLEPSYDROPS COLLETTII Cope, Proceedings Academy, Philadelphia, 1876,
p. 407.
This species proves to be the most abundant land vertebrate of the formation. It is represented in all the collections, sometimes by portions of individuals of double the size of the types. I referred this genus to the Rhynchocephalia originally, although it possesses a few batrachian characters. The occipital condyles preserved in the present collection are simple and median, thus confirming the reference, were confirmation needed. A supposed sacral vertebra is free at both extremities, and presents on each side, just behind the articular extremity, a very large facet, extending from a rudimental diapophysis to the plane of the inferior surface of the centrum. The specific reference of this vertebra is not certain.
CLEPSYDROPS VINSLOVII Cope, sp. nov.
This species is represented by a third cervical vertebra ; and probably by other centra, but in this one the characters distinguishing it from C. collettdt are especially visible.
The inferior median line is a keel, some distance above it, the sides of the centrum are full, rising in a longitudinal angle. There is no constric- tion or fossa below the diapophysis as in C. collett¢/, The latter is anterior in position, is vertically compressed, and is curved forward for a short dis- tance below. The posterior articular face is regularly funnel-shaped from the margin ; the anterior face hasa broad recurved lip. This passes round the inferior margin, which is not projected forwards as in C. colletti’. The
Cope. ]} 62 [May 20,
zygapophyses are well developed, and stand close together. The neural spine is compressed, and the basal portion points somewhat forwards.
M. Hemet Ol GONtTUM 2 0.04 vxdag cede rteveeae ccs daceaoee ee teee eee ON
WET tiCaleessse eee OOS tYansverse........... 009
Vertical diameter of diapophysis..... Boron onaepeeeeoesce coeco, SWULS Expanse of posterior zygapophySis..........0-scssscseseesereee 009 Anteroposterior diameter of base of neural spine ........ .005 Transverse diameter of neural arch.........cseeccoverseoeoeee -006
Diameter of posterior articular face {
CLEPSYDROPS PEDUNCULATUS, Sp. nov.
Established on two vertebrae obtained by Mr. Gurley, of a lizard of larger proportions than any of those belonging to the other species of the genus. One of these is a third cervical and the other is apparently a dorsal ; both differ from corresponding vertebree of GC. collettid and of C. lateralis in having elongate diapophyses for the attachment of the ribs. These are present in the other species, but are either very short, or sessile. The third cervical has a broad reverted anterior lip-like margin of the anterior articular face, which resembles the corresponding partin @. lateralis in not being produced below. The median line is keeled, and there isa shallow longitudinal groove on the upper part of the sides. The posterior articular face is regularly funnel-shaped. The diapophyses are very stout, and are directed a little downwards and strongly backwards. The articular faces are single, look downwards and outwards, and are wide above, and narrow below. The base of the neural canal is deeply incised, as in the other species.
{ anteroposterior............. .015
Weil sss sho0coomDboepo oe oCNED) Length of diapophysis. abover-.42 saeeeeeoe see eee 0o
fs MVEILICH TS wearin iets teen SU { anteroposterior........... .005
4 | Diameter of centrum, | UTANSMELSC) ate oteyessvereteteisisvererietsmra Lae
Diameter of diapophysis
The dorsal vertebree exhibits a longer and more slender diapophysis whose base is vertically expanded, and with a shallow fossa before and be- hind. The superior half of the diapopnysis has a much greater anteropos- terior extent than the inferior. There is no recurved rim of the articular extremities, but the surface does not pass regularly into the foramen chord dorsalis, but by an abrupt descent at its mouth. The sides of the centrum are concave, and the inferior portion forms a’ prominent rounded rib.
anteroposterior ..........---. -OLO Diameter of centrum tLANSVETSCisee shteice icici e oa OLD
: Verticals Noone sineta saievs oe che eee OLO Hensth of diapophysis......¢... seca bes eee Oe Widthiafmeuralscanal:.\2)s..s:c.scciaee en meen eee OUGE
1877.) 63 [Cope.
CRICOTUS HETEROCLITUS Cope, Proceed. Acad. Phila. 1876, p. 405. GENERAL OBSERVATIONS.
After an examination of the first fossils from this fauna which came under my observation, I left the question undecided as to whether its characters pointed to the Triassic or to Permian age. The Reptilia and a Ceratodus pointed tothe former ; the Diplodus pointed even to the coal measures. The additional evidence adduced in this paper, adds weight to both sides of the question. Of the fishes added, Ctenodus is a genus of the coal measures, and while Strigilina is new, its affinities are to the Petalodont genera of that formation. On the other hand the reptilian character of Clepsydrops is established, and the number of its species increased. Now the coal meas- ures have nowhere disclosed reptilian remains, so faras we have determina- tions of a reliable character ; Batrachia were the only type of air breathing vertebrata known to that epoch. The present fauna must then be placed above the coal measures, and the horizon will correspond more nearly with the Permian than with any other embraced in the system.
From its most characteristic fossil, the bed might be called the Clepsy- drops shale. Its position, according to Dr. J. C. Winslow, is near the top of the Coal Measures, and it is marked No. 15, in Prof. F. H. Bradley’s section of the Coal Measures of Vermillion Co., in the Report of the Geo- logical Survey of Illinois by A. H. Worthen, Vol. IV, p. 245. It is about one hundred and eleven feet, averaging different localities, from the sum- mit of the series, and 20993 feet from the base. Two insignificant beds of coal occur above it, and the following genera of invertebrate fossils : Productus, Spirifer, Athyris, Terebratula, Hemipronites, Retzia, Zeacri- nus, Cyatharonio, Discina, Lingula, Cardiomorpha, Orthoceras and Nautilus. Several of these genera are found in the Zechstein, while others belong to the Coal Measures and below them.
On some new and little known Reptiles and Fishes from the Austroriparian Region.
By E. D. Cops. (Read before the American Philosophical Society, May 20, 1877.
A number of interesting points in the distribution of our reptiles and fishes come to light from time to time, which serve to define with more precision the districts into which the Nearctic Realm is naturally di- vided.* The result of several of these, is to extend over the entire Austro- riparian Region the range of several species heretofore supposed to be con- fined to portions of that district only. A collection formed at Kinston in ‘Eastern North Carolina, in the North-eastern portion of the region in ques-
*See Bulletin No. 1 of the National Museum; Check List of North American Batrachia and Reptilia. 2
Cope'} 64 [May 20,
tion, by my friend, J. W. Milner, of the United States Fish Commission, is of considerable interest on this account. He found at that point the following species, which had not been previously known to occur east of Georgia or South Carolina :—Batrachia: Manculus quadridigitatus, Bufo quercicus, Engystoma carolinense. Reptilia: Oligosoma laterale, Abastor erythro- grammus. To this it may be added that Stephen G. Worth recently obtained near Fayetteville, North Carolina, the Bascanium flagelliforme, and the true Hyla delitescens of Holbrook. I here mention also that several years ago Dr. J. E. Holbrook sent me just before his death a colored drawing of a Hyla from 8. E. Georgia, made by his friend Dr. Harden, which is probably the H. carolinensis, but which differs from the typical form of that species in having a white triangle on top of the muzzle, covering the space between its apex and a line connecting the anterior parts of the orbits, as in the H. leucophyllata. A specimen representing a variety of Humeces anthracinus Baird, was sent me from Mobile by Dr. Jos. Corson.
The researches of the distinguished ornithologist, Robert Ridgeway, into the natural history of South-eastern Illinois, have been followed by the same results as those of Mr. Milner in North Carolina. Mr. Ridgway has found in the Wabash valley as far North as Mount Carmel, Illinois, the following species: Ancistrodon piscivorus, Carphophiops vermis, Haldea striatula, Abastor erythyogrammus, Farancia abdacura, Coluber obsoletus confinis and Tropidonotus sipedon woodhousei.
In a considerable collection from Volusia, Florida, several rare species occur. I give the entire list.
BATRACHIA. Siren lacertina, L. Hyla gratiosa, Lec. Pseudobranchus striatus, Lec. *« carolinensis, Daud. Amphiuma means, Gard. «< femoralis, Daud., Engystoma carolinense, Daud. very common. Acris gryllus, Lee. Rana halecina Kaln. REPTILIA.
Crotalus adamanteus, Beauv. Caudisona miliaria, L. Ancistrodon piscivorus, Latr. Heterodon platyrhinus, Latr. Tropidonotus fasciatus, L. Hutenia sackenii, Kenn., very common.
4 sirtalis, L. Storeria occipitomaculata, Holbr. Coluber quadrivittatus, Say. Spilotes corats erebennus, Cope. Bascanium constrictor, L.
ut flagelliforme, Catesb. Cyclophis estious, L., abundant. Pityophis melanoleucus, Holbr.
1877.] 65 [Cope.
Dromicus flavilatus, Cope. The second specimen of this very rare species, comes from Volusia. The first was found by Dr. H. C. Yarrow, near Fort Macon, North Carolina.
Osceola elapsoidea, Holbr.
Contia pygava, Cope. So far as yet known, found only near Volusia.
Cemophora coccinea, Blum., common.
Tantilla coronata, B. & G.
Rhineura floridana, Baird, abundant.
Oligosoma laterale, Say.
Eumeces striatus, L.
Onemidophorus sealineatus, Say.
Sceloporus undulatus, Harl.
Anolis principalis, L.
Alligator mississippiensis. A collection of fishes from the same locality includes a number of inter-
esting species, as follows :
Notemigonus ischanus, Jordan, Check List Fishes Fresh W., N. A. p. 155. A specimen eight inches in length with bright red dorsal, caudal and anal fins.
Arius 2equestris, Baird and Girard, U. §. and. Mexican Boundary Surv. IT
p. 32.
Fine specimens of a species distinct from those of any other country from near Bayport, West Florida, agree in most of the characters cited by the above named authors. Their type was a young fish I suppose, in which the helmet had no such development as in my specimens; its beards are also rather longer.
Chirostoma beryllinum Cope, Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc. 1866, p. 408. Prof. Jordan states that he has this fish from the St. John’s R., Florida.
Haplochilus melanops Cope, Proc. Am. Philos. Soc. 1870, p. 457. Chenobryttus gulosus C. V. Centrarchus C. V.
Radii; D. X-10; A. III-9. Depth of body entering total length 2.75 times.
Enneacanthus fasciatus Holbr. Bryttus fasciatus Holbr. Journ. Acad.
Phila. 1855, p. 51, Pl. 5, fig. 3.
Char. specif. General form elongate, as in some of the Chenobrytti. The depth enters the total length with caudal fin, 3.2 times, and the length of the head enters the same 3.4 times. The diameter of the eye is twice as long as the muzzle, and enters the head 3.2 times, and excecds the in- terorbital width. The extremity of the maxillary bone marks the line of the anterior fourth of the orbit. The profile is a gentle convexity from the base of the first dorsal ray. Scales 6-34-15 ; four rows below the eye on the preoperculum ; opercle scaled.
Color a rich brown, with numerous vertical darker bars descending from the base of the dorsal fin. Scales below the middle of the sides each with a brown dot ; fins dusky, the dorsal and caudal with pellucid dots. Superior
PROC. AMER. PHILOS. soc. xvit. 100. 1
Cope. | 66 [May 20,
angle of the operculum with a black spot without border, no radii on the cheek ; nose black.
“hse Mi foie OR oe aoe Serres Metso norco Sc 055 bensth tomorsal fin (axial)icc.2.jaciswcessn eu dees seer .016 Demet to ame) GN: (ARID) csiejavele orn Gye Weetod telecon releieiee 025 bength to:caudal fin\(axial)s... 5°...) > soe ees eee 044
Lepomis auritus Linn Jordan. Ichthelis rubricauda Holbrook. Lepomis apiatus sp. nov.
A species of discoid form, possessing a well developed patch of teeth on the palatine bones. The gill rakers, although elongate on the anterior half of the first branchial arch are obtuse at their extremities ; they are quite robust, and become shorter on the inferior portion of the arch.
The depth of the body is contained in the total length (with caudal fin) 2.27 times, and the length of the head enters the same 3.3 times. The orbit is as wide as the length of the muzzle, and enters the length of the 4.25 times, and equals the inter-orbital width. The extremity of the maxillary bone reaches the vertical line marking the anterior two-fifths of the orbit.
The dorsal spines are robust and high, and are as long as the soft rays; The caudal fin is slightly emarginate. The ventral reaches the first and the pectoral the second anal spines. Radial formula; D. X-11; A. III-10; P. 12. The opercular flap is short. Scale formula 6-44-12 ; six rows on the preoperculum below the eye. Opercle scaly.
Color, brown, dark above, lighter below. Each scale has a black spot at the base forming together longitudinal series ; these are less distinct on the superior half of the sides, and are obsolete in that region in large specimens. ‘The spots are distinct on the opercular scales. Fins and muzzle black. Guill spot black, without border.
M. Total length. cise ehh co de eee ee 168 Length to dorsal fin: (axial)-5 3; es. eee .052 ve vemtral ff. 9920 Wid te aeeetae ase ener .052 sc anal SPER ais. Osco 6 oo boon 082 si caudal, (865 (°S° Asan spieveietahevensue’ sie -140
The external series of teeth are relatively larger in this species than in the LZ. auritus and L.mystacalis. No teeth on the tongue.
Lepomis mystacalis, sp. nov.
In this species the gill rakers are of the character indicated by Prof. Jordan as characteristic of the genus Lepomis, that is, slender and acute. This species also differs from the Z. wpiatus in the greater compression, and the shorter muzzle.
The greatest depth enters the total length (including caudal fin) 2.5 times, and the length of the head enters the same 4.4 times. The orbit is large, exceeding the length of the muzzle, equaling the interorbital space, and entering the length of the head 3.3 times. Radial formula ; D. X-12 ; A. III-12; P. 12. The dorsal spines are robust, but a little shorter than
1877.) 67 [Cope. the soft rays; the ventral fin reaches the first spine, and the pectoral the first soft ray of the anal fin. Caudal well notched. The maxillary extends a little beyond the anterior border of the orbit. Scale formula 7-51-15 ; four preopercular rows below orbit.
Color above dusky, sides silvery, with numerous short undulate vertical brown bars irregularly disposed. Opercular black spot short, without border ; the dusky of the face is abruptly arrested by a pale band which extends backwards from the mouth to the preoperculum. A dark line from the chin bounds this below, and defines another silvery band which passes along the mandible, the interopercle and subopercle; cheeks, thorax, and posterior parts of the dorsal, caudal and anal fins yellow.
Xystroplites longimanus, gen. et. sp. nov.
Char. Gen. Inferior pharyngeal bones wide and robust, and paved with truncate grinding teeth. The gill rakers of the anterior half of the first branchial arch elongate ; those of the posterior half and of the remaining gill arches, very short and obtuse. No supernumerary maxillary bone ; operculum with a produced, entire superior posterior angle. No teeth on the tongue. Spines X. III.
This genus which has been just published by Prof. D. S$. Jordan,* com- bines the grinding type of pharnygeal teeth characteristic of Pomotis, with the slender gill rakers recently shown by Prof. Jordant to be charac- teristic of the genus Lepomis.
Char Specif. Body elevated, but the head rather produced, so that the profile is oblique and nearly straight from the base of the dorsal fin. The depth of the body enters the total length 2.5 times, and the length of the head enters the same 3.6 times. The orbit is large, equaling the length of the muzzle, and entering the length of the head four times. The inter- orbital space is 1.5 times the diameter of the orbit. The muzzie is sub- conic, and the end of the maxillary bone reaches the line of the anterior margin of the orbit.
The dorsal fin is elevated, the spines equalling the soft rays and not separated from them by a notch. Caudal fin openly notched ; ventral not reaching anal; the pectoral very long, reaching the line of the fifth anal soft ray. Formula; D. X-12; A. III-11; P. 13. Scale formula 7-44-15 ; five rows on the preoperculum below the orbit.
The color above is dusky, below silvery, the gular and thoracic region light yellow. The opercular black spot is short, and has a crimson border. Fins black, the caudal, anal and pectoral fins with yellow rays.
TGA MIONENS cose ob Oc cao eooboOobGOUd > COU COOCCDOGO Oe .170 Ikeneths to dorsal fin (axial)... 50s. cel. ce ee wee ees 047 os VIETULGOMC CAN ORAM RCAC Rtsepay ettelet a lehierctat ate aie o'er eo:s .053 oe anal Sa gou Wirevoraetsrrecittaate a sis ee sierssve .081 - (HUTT etl easice mmncsie | ME ay cna teretene ya) cilaya1 che ckeieliola-ulele e's) 131
* Prof. Jordan defined this genus in a paper written some time before this one, and which is probably already printed.
+Proceedings Academy, Philadelphia 1877, p. 7€.
Smith. ] 68 [June 15,
This fish has a superficial resemblance to the Lepomis mystacalis. The ends of the long gill-rakers are obtuse, as in the LZ. apiatus. There are no palatine teeth. It resembles also in form and coloration the Pomotis microlophus, Gthr. (P. speciosus, Holbr.) from the St. John’s River, Florida, a species which I have not seen. According to Dr. Holbrook’s figures and descriptions, there is a material difference in the radial formula which is, D. X .10; A. III .9. The form of the dorsal fin is also very different, the second being the higher, and separated from the first by a deep notch, which leaves one spine with the soft rays.
I have this species from near Volusia, and also from near Bayport on the West Coast.
Achirus mollis, De Kay.
Radii, D. 48; A. 85. Length without caudal fin .078; depth of body 042.
CONTRIBUTIONS FROM THE LABORATORY OF THE UNIVER- SITY OF PENNSYLVANIA.
INOS Exe
Dichlorsalicylic Acid. By Epear F. Smiru, Pu. D., Assistant in Analytical Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania. (Read before the American Philosophical Society, June 15, 1877.)
As early as 1845, Cahours (Annalen der Chemie und Pharmacie—52. pp. 340 and 3841) described a di-chlor acid which he obtained about the same time he was investigating the di-bromine substitution products of salicylic acid.
The course he pursued to produce the compound was to treat an aqueous solution of salicylic acid with an excess of chlorine. According to his de- scription the acid thus obtained possesses great stability and can very readi- ly be obtained pure. :
And again by allowing a slow current of chlorine gas to stream through a dilute solution of potassium salicylate potassium dichlorsalicylate was formed. This salt after repeated recrystallization was obtained in almost colorless needles.
The acid corresponding to this salt was precipitated in white masses upon the addition of dilute hydrochloric acid to a solution of the latter. The acid is soluble in boiling alcohol, from which upon cooling, it sepa- rates in needles. Well formed octahedral crystals were secured by allowing a rather dilute solution to evaporate slowly in the air. Boiling water dis- solves but small quantities of this acid, which separate out again in very fine needles when the solution becomes cool. Boiling concentrated nitric acid dissolves the compound, and when the liquid cools, beautiful yellow
1877.] 69
{Smith,
plates separate out. By distilling the acid with barium oxide dichlorphenol (Acide Chlorophénésique) was produced, with liberation of carbon di- oxide.
Recently, Rogers (Inaugural Disseitation, Gottingen, 1875) published the results of an investigation upon a similar acid. By conducting a calculated amount of chlorine gas into a solution of salicylic acid in glacial acetic acid, and applying heat, he produced dichlorsalicylic acid, which crystal- lized from the above solution in small white needles. The acid was purified by converting it into its barium salt, and this then recrystallized. The acid from the purified salt fused at 224°C. It was entirely insoluble in cold, soluble in an excess of hot water and very soluble in hot alcohol.
The following salts were made and analyzed :
Dichlorsalicylate of Barium.—(C, H, Cl, OH COO), Ba+5 H,0. Long needles, colored slightly brown.
Dichlorsalicylate of Potassium—C, H, Cl, OH. COOK. Showed a tendency to crystallize in small white needles, which lost, by exposure to the air, any water of crystallization they may have possessed.
Dichlorsalicylate of Copper.—(C, H, Cl, OH C O O), Cu. Green, in- soluble precipitate.
Some time ago I had occasion to make dichlorsalicylic acid, but as I ob- tained a compound not corresponding to any known analogous derivative, I submit to the Society the following results of my investigation upon the new dichlorine product.
ForMATION OF DICHLORSALICYLIC ACID.
About 40 Grm. of pure salicylic acid (fusing point 156°C) were placed in a flask and upon this was poured a rather large quantity of concentrated acetic acid. While applying a gentle heat to effect solution, a calculated amount of dried chlorine gas was introduced into the liquid, which grad- ually assumed a deep yellow color. Without waiting for the new acid to crys- tallize out Iadded to the yet warm solution a large quantity of water, where- upon the dichlorsalicylic acid fell out in large white flocks. The liquid was filtered off and the acid washed with cold water and then boiled with an excess of barium carbonate. The salt thus obtained was redissolved and recrystallized until it was obtained in almost colorless needles, which crystallize in aggregated masses from an aqueous solution. Upon several occasions monochlorsalicylate of barium was produced, but as this salt is much more soluble than the corresponding compound of the dichlor acid it was easily removed.
Properties —The dichlor acid separates in large flocculent masses upon the addition of dilute hydrochloric acid to a solution of the barium salt. Cold water does not dissolve the acid, an excess of boiling water being neces- sary to effect its solution. After many recrystallizations the acid fused at 2120-21490. It separates from an aqueous solution in white arborescent masses. In cold alcohol it is very soluble. By the slow evaporation of such a solution stellated masses consisting of large colorless needles were obtained. The fusing point of these was the same as that of the white
Smith. | 70 (June 15,
crystals. The acid is sublimable with partial decomposition. A drop of ferric chloride added to its aqueous solution imparts to the latter a beautiful violet coloration.
The acid is very probably Parachlormetachlor-ortho-oxyhenzoic acid and may be graphically represented as follows :
COOH OH
AG ch
A combustion was made of the barium salt.
Carbon and Hydrogen Determination. 0.2092 Grm. barium salt dried at 180°C for several hours were burned with coarse and fine lead chromate, and gave 0.241 Grm. CO,=—.065 Grm. carbon=30.9%C. Farther .012
71m. H,0=—0.57% H. SALTS. DICHLORSALICYLATE OF BARIUM. (C, H, Cl, OH COO), Ba+33 H,O.
This salt was produced by boiling the free acid with an excess of barium carbonate. Boiling water dissolves it very readily. In cold water it is insoluble. From an aqueous solution it crystallizes in large, almost color- less needles, which are usually combined to aggregated masses.
Water Estimation.
0.6026 Grm. air-dried salt lost upon being heated for three hours at 180° C .0623 Grm. H, O=10.34% H, O.
The calculated percentage of water for 3} molecules equals 10.29%.
Calculated. Found. (C,H, Cl, OH COO), Babb soni +33 H, O == 63=——0F29\%e 10.34
614—100.00 &%. Barium Estimation.
I. 0.5403 Grm. anhydrous salt were placed in a platinum crucible, a few drops of sulphuric acid then added, and this then evaporated to dryness. 0.2227 Grm. barium sulphate were obtained, corresponding to 0.13809 Grm. barium=24.16% Ba.
II. 0.6075 Grm. anhydrous salt gave 0.2550 Grm. barium sulphate, equaling 0.1499 Grm. barium—24.67% Ba.
Calculated %. Found %. C,,=168—30.60 30.90 eo 9 OT
OF 96—=18. 60 Cl ,=142—25.86 Ba=131=24.95 24.16 and 24.67
1877.] ral [Smith,
DICHLORSALICYLATE OF POTASSIUM. G7 HB, Cl, OH.C:0:0: K.
This salt was obtained by boiling the preceding compound with a calcu- lated amount of potassium carbonate. From a concentrated aqueous solution it crystallized in white needles, very much like the salt of Rogers described above. After recrystallizing the compound several times and then allowing it to separate from a dilute solution I obtained it in almost colorless needles, that united to form clusters.
Analysis proved it to be anhydrous.
Potassium Estimation.
I. 0. 2020 Grm. well dried salt gave 0.0710 Grm. potassium sulphate= .03181 K—15.75 % K.
II. .2651 Grm. dried salt gave .0930 Grm. potassium sulphate—0.04117 Grm. K=15.5% K.
Calculated %. Found % C, H, Cl, OH COO=206—84.05 % + K = 89.1= 15.95 % 15.75 % and 15.5 %
245.1—100.00 DICHLORSALICYLATE OF SODIUM. C,H, Cl, OH COO Na.
Obtained by -boiling an aqueous solution of the barium salt with sodium carbonate and concentrating the filtered liquid. The salt crystallizes in broad needles, possessing a slight yellow tinge. It is easily soluble in water.
Sodium Estimation.
0.1601 Grm. dried salt gave 0.0530 Grm. sodium sulphate=.0171 Grm.
sodium=—10.68 % Na.
Calculated %. Found %. ©, H, Cl, OH COO=207—89.95 % + Na = 23—10.05% 10.68 %
229—10000 % DICHLORSALICYLATE OF MAGNESIUM. (C, H, Cl, OH COO), Mg.
An aqueous solution of the free acid was boiled with magnesium carbon- ate and the liquid evaporated to a small bulk. After standing some time, small, white crystals appeared; these were very readily dissolved by water.
Magnesium Estimation. .1140 Grm. dried salt gave .0304 Mg, P, O,—.0064 Grm. Mg—=5.61%
Mg. Calculated %. Found %. (C, H, Cl, OH COO)2=412—94.50 % 4+- Mg = 24— 5.50% 5 61%
436—100.00
Smith.] 72 [June 15,
DICHLORSALICYLATE OF LEAD. CHE Cl. O PbiC Oo:
Lead acetate was added to a solution of the ammonium salt and the lead salt obtained as a white insoluble precipitate, which after being well washed and dried was analyzed.
Lead Estimation. 0.1075 grm. dried salt gave .0548 grm. lead = 50. 9 % Pb.
Calulated %. Found % Cn, ClO. 8 O10 = 20b'=— 4916 WZ, + Pb = 207 = 50.24 % 50. 9 %
412 = 100.00 % Copper Salt.—Small brown crystals soluble in water. Silver Salt.—White insoluble powder. Decomposed when boiled with water. Action oF Nirric AciD upon DIcHLORSALICYLIC ACID.
Dilute nitric acid has no effect upon the acid. When treated with fum- ing nitric acid no change is produced until heat has been applied. After dissolving the dichlor acid in this solvent I permitted the solution to stand several days, hoping to find the nitro compound separated out by that time—this, however, did not occur. Upon evaporating the solution to dry- ness, nothing remained, the substance, whatever it may have been, having been completely volatilized. A second portion of the acid after treatment with fuming, nitric was mixed with a large quantity of water and then distilled. The distillate possessed a yellow color, and after neutralization with potassium carbonate, was strongly evaporated, then placed in a dessi- cator over sulphuric acid. After standing some time minute globular crys- tals appeared, but the quantity being so small I was not able to examine them, preferring to defer the investigation of this nitro compound, if such, until larger quantities of the substance can be obtained.
CALCIUM OXxIDE AND DICHLORSALICYLIC ACID.
The acid distilled with calcium oxide yielded an almost colorless oil, having a rather pungent odor. The compound was not further examined.
Evuynt DIcHLORSALICYLATE.
C, H, Cl, OH C'0 0. GC, H,.
The introduction of the ethyl] radical was first attempted by heating upon a water bath a small flask containing the silver dichlorsalicylate and ethyl iodide. This, however, failed to produce the desired result.
Inasecond trial the perfectly dry and pulverized silver salt was placed in a tube of Bohemian glass, an excess of ethyl iodide then added, the tube sealed and heated in an air bath for twelve hours, the temperature not ex- ceeding 135°C. Upon examination a rather large quantity of silver iodide was noticed, and the liquid which before heating was colorless was now of a reddish-brown hue. The tube was opened and its liquid contents poured
‘ 1877. | 73 [Smith.
through a small filter and after washing the silver iodide with alcohol, the filtrate was evaporated upon a water bath. When the liquid had almost approached dryness I observed minute oil globules of a dark color.
The evaporating dish containing these was immediately removed from the water bath and stood in a cool place. In course of a few hours the oil solidified to a dark crystalline mass, which after pressing well between sheets of filter paper, I dissolved in alcohol and after concentration allowed to cool. Beautiful colorless needles separated from the solution. The fusing point was found to be 47°C. Again dissolved and allowed to crystallize the same form of crystals was obtained. The fusing point remained the same.
Carbon and Hydrogen Estimation.
(0.2072 Grm. well dried substance, burned with lead chromate gave .5418 Grm. CO, 45.51 % carbon. And .0808 Grm. H,O = 4.30 % hydrogen.
Calculated % Found % C, = 108 = 45.96 % 45.51 % Th = 98 = 3.40! G 4.30 % Cl,= 78 = 30.21 %
48 = 20.42 %
Cahours* obtained a similar compound by the action of chlorine upon ethyl-salicylate. Broad colorless, shining needles. Fusing point not given, Potassium ethyl-dichlorsalicylate.
C, H, Cl, OK CO OC,H,.
This salt was produced by boiling an alcoholic solution of the ether with potassium carbonate. It crystallizes in fine colorless needles, which fre- quently are united to bundles. Very soluble in alcohol.
The points of difference between the compounds of Cahours, Rogers and myself are in brief these :
The acid of Cahours is but slightly soluble in boiling water. Soluble in boiling alcohol, crystallizing from this in needles and octahedral crystals, and it forms also an insoluble nitro-derivative.
The acid gotten by me is perfectly soluble in boiling water, and in cold alcohol—crystallizing from the former in arborescent masses and from the latter it separates in large coloriess needles. The nitro-derivative, if any, is exceedingly soluble.
The acid of Rogers fuses at 224°C, is soluble in boiling water and boil- ing alcohol. The barium salt has five molecules of water and the copper salt is a green insoluble precipitate.
The acid obtained by me fuses at 212°-214°C, its barium salt has but three and half molecules of water and the copper salt forms dark brown warty crystals, soluble in boiling water.
#Annalen d. Chemie u. Phar. 73. 315,
PROC. AMER. PHILOS. soc. xvit. 100. 5
Draper. | 74. [July 20,
Discovery of Oxygen in the Sun by Photography, and a new Theory of the Solar Spectrum.
By Proressor Henry Draper, M. D. (Read before the American Philosophical Society, July 20, 1877).
I propose in this preliminary paper to indicate the means by which I have discovered Oxygen and probably Nitrogen in the Sun, and also to present a new view of the constitution of the Solar Spectrum.
Oxygen discloses itself by bright lines or bands in the Solar Spectrum and does not give dark absorption lines like the metals. We must there- fore change our theory of the Solar Spectrum and no longer regard it merely as a continuous spectrum with certain rays absorbed by a layer of ignited metallic vapors, but as having also bright lines and bands super- posed on the background of continuous spectrum. Such a conception not only opens the way to the discovery of others of the non-metals, sulphur, phosphorus, selenium, chlorine, bromine, iodine, fluorine, carbon, &c., but also may account for some of the so-called dark lines, by regarding them as intervals between bright lines.
It must be distinctly understood that in speaking of the Solar Spectrum here, I do not mean the spectrum of any limited area upon the disc or margin of the Sun, but the spectrum of light from the whole disc. I have not used an image of the Sun upon the slit of the spectroscope, but have employed the beam reflected from the flat mirror of the heliostat without any condenser.
In support of the above assertions the accompanying photograph of the Solar spectrum with a comparison spectrum of Air, and also with some of the lines of Iron and Aluminium is introduced. The photograph itself is absolutely free from handwork or retouching. It is difficult to bring out in asingle photograph the best points of these various substances, and I have therefore selected from the collection of original negatives that one which shows the Oxygen coincidences most plainly. There are so many variables among the conditions which conspire for the production of a spectrum that many photographs must be taken to exhaust the best combinations. The pressure of the gas, the strength of the original current, the number of Leyden jars, the separation and nature of the terminals, the number of sparks per minute, and the duration of the interruption in each spark, are examples of these variables. :
In the photograph the upper spectrum is that of the Sun, and above it are the wave-lengths of some of the lines to serve as reference numbers. The wave-lengths used in this paper have been taken partly from Angstrom and partly from my photograph of the diffraction spectrum published in 1872. The lower spectrum is that of the open air Leyden spark, the ter- minals being one of Iron and the other of Aluminium. I have photo- graphed Oxygen, Nitrogen, Hydrogen and Carbonic Acid as well as other
lord 1577.) ‘ 5 { Draper,
gases in Plicker’s tubes and also in an apparatus in which the pressure could be varied,but for the present illustration, the open air spark was, all things considered, best. By other arrangements the Nitrogen lines can readily be made as sharp as the Oxygen are here, and the Iron lines may be increased in number and distinctness. For the metals the electric arc gives the best photographic results, as Lockyer has so well shown, but as my object was only to prove by the Iron lines that the spectra had not shifted laterally past one another, those that are here shown at 4325. 4307. 4271. 4063. 4045. suffice. In the original collodion negative many more can be seen. Below the lower spectrum are the symbols for Oxygen, Nitrogen, Tron and Aluminium,
No close observation is needed to demonstrate to even the most casual observer that the Oxygen lines are found in the Sun as bright lines, while the Iron lines have dark representatives. The bright Iron line at G (4307), on account of the intentional overlapping of the two spectra, can be seen passing up into the dark absorption line in theSun. Atthe same time the quadruple Oxygen line between 4845 and 4550 coincides exactly with the bright group in the Salar Spectrum above. This Oxygen group alone is almost sufficient to prove the presence of Oxygen in the Sun, for not only does each of the four components have a representative in the Solar spec- trum, but the relative strength and the general aspect of the lines in each case is similar. I do not think that in comparisons of the spectra of the elements and Sun, enough stress has been laid on the general appearance of lines apart from their mere position ; in photographic representations this point is very prominent. The fine double line at 4319. 4317. is plainly represented in the Sun. Again there is a remarkable coincidence in the double line at 4190. 4184. The line at 4133 is very distinctly marked. The strongest Oxygen line is the triple one at 4076. 4072. 4069., and here again a fine coincidence is seen though the air spectrum seems proportion- ately stronger than the solar. But it must be remembered that the Solar spectrum has suffered from the transmission through our atmosphere, and this effect is plainest in the absorption at the ultra-violet and violet regions of the spectrum. From some experiments I made in the Summer of 1873, it appeared that this local absorption is so great, when a maximum thick- ness of air intervenes, that the exposure necessary to obtain the ultra-violet spectrum at sunset was two hundred times as long as at mid-day. I was at that time seeking for atmospheric lines above H like those at the red end of the spectrum, but it turned out that the absorptive action at the more refrangible end is a progressive enfeebling as if a wedge of neutral tinted glass were being drawn lengthwise along the spectrum towards the less refrangible end.
I shall not attempt at this time to give a complete list of the Oxygen lines with their wave lengths accurately determined, and it will be noticed that some lines in the air spectrum which have bright analogues in the sun are not marked with the symbol of Oxygen. This is because there has not yet been an opportunity to make the necessary detailed com-
2 Draper. j 76 (July 2),
parisons. In order to be certain that a line belongs to Oxygen, Ihave com- pared, under various pressures, the spectra of Air, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Car- bonic Acid, Carburetted Hydrogen, Hydrogen and Cyanogen. Where these gases were in Plicker’s tubes a double series of photographs has been needed, one set taken with, and the other without Leyden jars.
As to the spectrum of Nitrogen and the existence of this element in the © sun there is not yet certainty. Nevertheless, even by comparing the dif- fused Nitrogen lines of this particular photograph, in which Nitrogen has been sacrificed to get the best effect for Oxygen, the character of the evi- dence appears. The triple band between 4240. 4227. if traced upward into the Sun has approximate representatives. Again at 4041. the same thing is seen, the solar bright line being especially marked. In another photo- graph the heavy line at 3995. which in this picture is opposite an insuffi- ciently exposed part ofthe Solar Spectrum shows a comparison band in the Sun.
The reason I did not use air in an exhausted Pliicker’s tube for the pro- duction of a photograph to illustrate this paper, and thus get both Oxygen and Nitrogen lines well defined at the same time, was partly because a brighter light can be obtained with the open air spark on account of the stronger current that can be used. This permits the slit to be more closed and of course gives a sharper picture. Besides the open air spark enabled me to employ an iron terminal, and thus avoid any error arising from acci- dental displacement of the reference spectrum. In Pliicker’s tubes with a Leyden spark the Nitrogen lines are as plain as those of Oxygenhere. As far as I have seen Oxygen does not exhibit the change in the character of its lines that is so remarkable in Hydrogen under the influence of pressure as shown by Frankland and Lockyer.
The bright lines of Oxygen in the spectrum of the solar disc have not been hitherto perceived probably from the fact that in eye observation bright lines on a less bright background do not make the impression on the mind that dark lines do. When attention is called to their presence they are readily enough seen, even without the aid of a reference spectrum. The photograph, however, brings them into a greater prominence. From purely theoretical considerations derived from terrestrial chemistry, and the nebular hypothesis, the presence of Oxygen in thesun might have been strongly suspected, for this element is currently stated to form eight-ninths of the water of the globe, one-third of the crust of the earth, and one-fifth of the air, and should therefore probably be a large constituent of every member of the solar system. On the other hand the discovery of Oxygen and probably other non-metals in the Sun gives increased strength to